Acta Optica Sinica (Online), Volume. 2, Issue 11, 1106001(2025)
Recent Progress in High-Repetition-Rate Fiber-Based Optical Frequency Comb Technology (Invited)
Figures & Tables(16)
Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of optical frequency comb. (a) Time domain; (b) frequency domain
Fig. 2. Generation of fiber-based optical frequency comb. (a) Temporal features of mode-locked laser; (b) schematic diagram of modulation instability gain spectrum in fiber; (c) spectra in the nonlinear optical parametric oscillation process
Fig. 3. Technologies of high-repetition-rate fiber optical frequency combs
Fig. 4. Short-cavity mode-locked fiber lasers. (a) NPR-mode-locked ring short cavity fiber laser[45]; (b) SESAM-mode-locked ring short cavity fiber laser[46]; (c) schematic diagram of linear FP short cavity[47]; (d) linear short cavity mode-locked fiber laser[47]; (e) output of linear short-cavity mode-locked fiber laser with repetition rate of 21 GHz[50]; (f) conceptual diagram of cavity-induced soliton-trapping in linear short-cavity mode-locked fiber laser[58]
Fig. 6. Harmonic mode-locked fiber lasers. (a) NPR-based harmonic mode-locked fiber laser[97]; (b) harmonic mode-locked fiber laser with high SMSR[99]; (c) harmonic mode-locked fiber laser with dispersion and nonlinearity management and (d) corresponding mode-locked pulse output with repetition rate of 22 GHz[98]; (e) harmonic mode-locked fiber laser with acoustic field enhancement from photonic crystal fiber[101]; (f) harmonic mode-locked fiber laser with acoustic field enhancement from tapered single mode fiber[104]
Fig. 8. Brillouin-driven fiber optical frequency comb. (a) Generation mechanism of Brillouin-driven fiber optical frequency comb[121]; (b) Brillouin-driven Kerr soliton fiber optical frequency comb[121]; (c) octave-spanning Brillouin-driven fiber optical frequency comb[122]; (d) generation and dynamics of Brillouin-driven fiber optical frequency comb in non-reciprocal cavity[123]
Fig. 9. Micro-resonator-driven fiber optical frequency comb. (a) Filter-driven four-wave-mixing[125]; (b) repetition-rate-tunable micro-resonator driven fiber optical frequency comb[126]; (c) soliton optical frequency comb in micro-resonator driven composite cavity[133]; (d) self-starting of soliton optical frequency comb in micro-resonator driven composite cavity[134]
Fig. 10. Kerr optical frequency comb based on fiber FP resonator. (a) Fiber FP resonator Kerr optical frequency comb pumped by electro-optic frequency comb[135]; (b) fiber FP resonator optical frequency comb pumped by CW laser [138]; (c) fiber Kerr optical frequency comb based on FP resonator nested Chimera cavity scheme[140]; (d) dual optical frequency comb generated in single fiber FP cavity[143]
Fig. 11. Precision processing application of high-repetition-rate fiber optical frequency comb. (a) Laser processing of human dentine by traditional 1 kHz regime and (b) 1.7 GHz high-repetition-rate regime under the same average power and scanning speed[145]; (c) MOPA high-power laser system based on linear-cavity high-repetition-rate fiber laser seed source[65]
Fig. 12. Metrology applications of high-repetition-rate fiber optical frequency comb. (a) Dependence of dual-comb-ranging accuracy on repetition rate difference[156]; (b) ranging system with 10 GHz electro-optic frequency comb[157]; (c) ranging system with high-repetition-rate hybrid dual optical frequency combs[158]; (d) fiber Bragg grating demodulation system based on high-repetition-rate single-cavity fiber dual optical frequency combs[161]
Table 1. Parameter summary of short-cavity mode-locked fiber laser
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Parameter summary of short-cavity mode-locked fiber laser
Cavity structure frep /GHz Central wavelength /nm Comb bandwidth /nm Pulse width /ps Mode-locking method Ref. Loop 1.0 1030 23 0.064 NPR ［ 44 ］Loop 1.2 1087 70.5 0.038 NPR ［ 59 ］Loop 1.12 1030 1.14 1.37 SESAM ［ 46 ］Loop 1.15 1042.2 18.8 0.194 SESAM ［ 60 ］Linear 1.2 899.5 3.2 SESAM ［ 61 ］Linear 1.55 903.74 4.5 SESAM ［ 62 ］Linear 12.5 1047.5 0.9 1.9 SESAM ［ 47 ］Linear 1.2 1057 3.3 4.9 SESAM ［ 63 ］Linear 4.95 1058.7 1 2.6 SESAM ［ 64 ］Linear 1.39 1064 4 0.8 SESAM ［ 65 ］Linear 1.23 1066.3 3.7 6.4 SESAM ［ 66 ］Linear 12 1535 0.953 2.3 SESAM ［ 67 ］Linear 1.57 1535 2.3 SESAM ［ 68 ］Linear 4.95 1561 0.69 3.54 SESAM ［ 53 ］Linear 9.67 1562 3.2 0.865 CNT ［ 51 ］Linear 12.5 1563 3 0.854 SESAM ［ 69 ］Linear 5.18 1563 4.7 0.68 CNT ［ 48 ］Linear 19.45 1563 4.2 0.79 CNT ［ 49 ］Linear 4.9 1563.9 4.3 0.595 SESAM ［ 70 ］Linear 21 1566.5 2.6 SESAM ［ 50 ］Linear 3.19 1586.1 4.1 0.639 SESAM ［ 71 ］Linear 1.013 1608.8 13.6 0.229 SESAM ［ 72 ］Linear 1.598 1610 7 0.39 SESAM ［ 54 ］Linear 11.3 1915 5.84 0.163 SESAM ［ 73 ］Linear 2.8 1946 0.7 SESAM ［ 74 ］Linear 1.6 1952 12.2 7.2 SESAM ［ 75 ］Linear 1.14883 1964.9 22.2 0.182 SESAM ［ 76 ］Linear 4.3 1968.5 0.84 11.07 SESAM ［ 77 ］
Table 2. Typical parameter summary of active and harmonic mode-locked fiber laser
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Typical parameter summary of active and harmonic mode-locked fiber laser
Method frep /GHz Harmonic order SMSR /dB Central wavelength /nm Comb bandwidth /nm Pulse width /ps Ref. Active mode-locking 64 1543 1.12 3.3 ［ 83 ］10 1550 3.24 0.816 ［ 84 ］10 1100 0.85 1.1 ［ 85 ］10 1560 4.6 0.583 ［ 86 ］Harmonic mode-locking 2.21 113 36.5 1598 10.4 1.34 ［ 94 ］4 91 35.6 1563.28 3.35 0.936 ［ 96 ］22.2 928 41 1550 16.5 1.7 ［ 97 ］22.132 2192 40 1555.4 3.82 20.67 ［ 98 ］2.1221 126 50 1559 4.3 0.83 ［ 102 ］2.5 15 60 1050 1.19 ［ 99 ］
Table 3. Parameter summary of high-repetition-rate nonlinear fiber optical frequency combs
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Parameter summary of high-repetition-rate nonlinear fiber optical frequency combs
Method Device frep /GHz Central wavelength /nm Full-spectral bandwidth /nm Pulse width /ps Ref. DFWM FP filter + HNLF 115 1555 10 1.6 ［ 107 ］Sampled FBG + HNLF 99 1555 25 2.27 ［ 109 ］FBG + HNLF 100‒160 1550 18 10 ［ 110 ］MZI 7‒1100 1550 3‒15 0.55‒10.1 ［ 112 ］MZI 3.22‒1080 1550 6 3.8‒5.35 ［ 113 ］FP filter + HNLF 100 1559 19 10 ［ 114 ］Hybrid plasmonic MKR 54‒144 1545‒1566 8‒34 6.6 ［ 117 ］Cu-based graphene MKR 57.8 1560.8 10 3.4 ［ 118 ］FP filter and VIPA 100 1559.6 10 2.73 ［ 116 ］30 1560.0 7 3.86 Fiber Lyot filter 126 1589 15 <2.6 ［ 115 ］HBF + MKR 3448 1550 > 27.8 <0.29 ［ 120 ］Microsphere resonator 154 1558.2 10 2.9 ［ 119 ］Brillouin-driven CW laser + HNLF 37.5‒300 1550 120‒140 0.54‒2.9 ［ 121 ］Micro-laser + HNLF 50 1558 110 0.379 ［ 122 ］CW laser + HNLF 39.97 1551.7 > 17 ［ 123 ］EOM + HNLF 80 1551.1 40 0.913 ［ 124 ］Micro-cavity-driven Doped SiO2 micro-ring 200.8 1550 > 60 2.3 ［ 125 ］Si micro-ring 250 1546 23 0.875 ［ 127 ］Si micro-ring 110 1550 > 15 2.6 ［ 128 ］Si3N4 micro-ring 230 1558.7 880 ［ 132 ］Doped SiO2 micro-ring 49‒2250 1567.5 180 ［ 130 ］Doped SiO2 micro-ring 49‒735 1550 30 0.656 ［ 126 ］Doped SiO2 micro-ring 49‒300 1550 < 20 ［ 131 ］Doped SiO2 micro-ring 48.97 1552 60 < 5 ［ 133 ］Doped SiO2 micro-ring 48.9 1543 > 60 < 10 ［ 134 ］Fiber FP-cavity Kerr comb Single mode fiber FP 9.77 1559 > 40 0.394 ［ 135 ］HNLF FP 0.945 1557 > 130 0.22 ［ 138 ］HNLF FP 10.18 1557 > 60 0.37 ［ 140 ］HNLF FP 10.079 1550 20 ［ 139 ］Zero-dispersion HNLF FP 10.415 1550 710 ［ 137 ］HNLF FP 1.001 1549.97 80 0.132 ［ 143 ］1550.044 90 0.131 Single mode fiber FP 10 1562.5 > 100 0.064 ［ 142 ］HNLF FP 1.8393 1550 255 2.58 ［ 144 ］FP 10.087 1552.4 40 0.3 ［ 141 ］
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Zixuan Ding, Guorui Wang, Xinxin Zhou, Fei Xu. Recent Progress in High-Repetition-Rate Fiber-Based Optical Frequency Comb Technology (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica (Online), 2025, 2(11): 1106001
Paper Information
Category: Laser and Laser Physics
Received: Feb. 11, 2025
Accepted: Mar. 24, 2025
Published Online: May. 26, 2025
The Author Email: Fei Xu (feixu@nju.edu.cn)
CSTR:32394.14.AOSOL250438
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