Fig. 1. Schematics. (a) Schematic of the backscattering Mueller matrix imaging equipment; (b) photograph and schematic of transmission Mueller matrix microscope

Fig. 2. Backscattering Mueller matrices of four biological samples^[32]. All the Mueller matrix elements are normalized by the m₁₁. The color codes are from -1 to 1 for m₁₁, m₂₂, m₃₃, and m₄₄, and from -0.1 to 0.1 for other elements. (a) Chicken heart tissue, the black arrow line in m₁₁ indicates the approximate orientation of muscle fibers; (b) bov

Fig. 3. Average values of MMT parameter A for three nude mouse skin samples without and with the application of sunscreen^[36]. The areas under the frequency distribution curves are normalized to 1, and the horizontal axis is divided into 400 parts. (a) Without the application of sunscreen; (b) with the application of sunscreen; (c) not exposed to UV radiation

Fig. 4. Images of 8-μm-thick dewaxing slice of liver tissue with fibrosis in different stages and quantitative representation of some polarization parameters^[54]. (a) F1 stage; (b) F2 stage; (c) F3 stage; (d) F4 stage; (e) average experimental values of parameters δ and t in different stages; (f) statistical distribution histograms of experimental results for parameter θ in different stages

Fig. 5. Mueller matrix derived parameters images δ, θ, t₃ and x356. (a)(b) Crohn's dis