Visible Light Positioning System Based on Photodiode Array Sensor

Table 1. Effect of batch size on system positioning performance
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Table 1. Effect of batch size on system positioning performance
Batch size Average positioning error /cm Maximum positioning error /cm Training time /s
20 1.06 2.87 603
24 0.99 3.37 506
28 1.06 4.84 446

Table 2. Effect of the change in the number of layers on SRU network
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Table 2. Effect of the change in the number of layers on SRU network
Number of SRU network layers Average positioning error /cm Maximum positioning error /cm Training time /s
1 1.32 3.56 209
2 0.92 3.27 398
3 1.11 3.49 558
4 1.64 3.40 762

Table 3. Simulation parameters of the positioning system

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Table 3. Simulation parameters of the positioning system

Parameter	Value
Positioning dimension /(m×m×m)	3.6×3.6×3
LED light power /W	12
LED light position (x, y, z) /m	(1.8, 1.8, 3)
Effective receiving area of the PDA /mm²	49
Field of view of the receiver FOV /(°)	90
Half-power angle of LED light $ϕ_{1 / 2}$ /(°)	45
Optical filter gain $T_{s} (ψ)$	1
Training set interval /m	0.18
Test set interval /m	0.24

Table 4. Network training parameters
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Table 4. Network training parameters
Hyperparameter Value
Network structure SRU
Hide the number of layers 3
Number of neurons in each hidden layer (128, 128, 1)
Learning rate 0.003
Optimizer Adam
Number of iterations 2000
Loss performance metrics MSE

Table 5. Comparison of the results of helmet receiver with different L
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Table 5. Comparison of the results of helmet receiver with different L
L /m Average positioning error /cm Maximum positioning error /cm Average training time /s
0.01 21.15 92.90 0.54
0.02 13.37 31.69 0.52
0.03 8.94 27.17 0.53
0.04 4.06 23.10 0.53
0.05 6.98 14.34 0.54

Table 6. Comparison of the results of square PD arrays
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Table 6. Comparison of the results of square PD arrays
Square PD array 2×2 array 3×3 array
Average positioning error /cm 4.06 2.35
Maximum positioning error /cm 23.10 8.86
Average positioning time /s 0.53 1.04

Table 7. Comparison of the results of circular PD arrays
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Table 7. Comparison of the results of circular PD arrays
Circular PD array Perfect circular PD array Elliptical PD array
Average positioning error /cm 1.20 1.01
Maximum positioning error /cm 4.03 3.82
Average positioning time /s 1.00 1.02

Table 8. Comparison of the results of umbrella PD arrays
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Table 8. Comparison of the results of umbrella PD arrays
Umbrella PD array Circular umbrella PD array Elliptical PD array
Average positioning error /cm 1.13 0.94
Maximum positioning error /cm 3.73 3.84
Average positioning time /s 1.00 1.00

Table 9. Performance comparison of different positioning algorithms
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Table 9. Performance comparison of different positioning algorithms
Positioning algorithm Average positioning error /cm Maximum positioning error /cm
SRU 0.94 3.84
SSA-DBN^［21］ 4.62 8.96

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Gui Ru, Ling Qin, Fengying Wang, Xiaoli Hu, Desheng Zhao. Visible Light Positioning System Based on Photodiode Array Sensor[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(21): 2106005

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