Comparative Analysis of the Performance of PMT and APD Detectors in Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

Guanting Hou; Baoteng Xu; Wei Zhou; Jialin Liu; Liquan Guo; Xibin Yang

doi:10.3788/AOS222137

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 43, Issue 11, 1117001(2023)

Comparative Analysis of the Performance of PMT and APD Detectors in Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

Guanting Hou¹, Baoteng Xu^1,2, Wei Zhou², Jialin Liu², Liquan Guo², and Xibin Yang^1,2、*

¹Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China

²Center of Light and Health, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China

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Figures & Tables(14)

Fig. 1. Schematic of dual optical path CLE system

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Fig. 2. Acquisition process of confocal images

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Fig. 3. Schematic of image signal-to-noise calculation

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Fig. 4. Detector performance comparison experiment device

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Fig. 5. R_{SN_PMT} of PMTSS varying with optical power

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Fig. 6. Comparison of detector performance. (a) R_{SN_APD} of APD120A2 varying with optical power; (b) R_SN of different detectors varying with optical power

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Fig. 7. Experimental results of uniform fluorescent solution imaging of APD120A2 and PMTSS

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Fig. 8. Imaging results of fluorescent samples and statistics results of the number of pixel points under different optical powers.(a)-(c) Fluorescent beads; (d)-(f) lens tissue; (g)-(i) upper epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves; (j)-(l) lower epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves

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Fig. 9. Summary of $R_{S N_P i c}$ for imaging fluorescent samples. (a) Boxplot of image SNR; (b) relationship between image SNR and imaging average optical power

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Table 1. Configuration and parameters of detectors

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Table 1. Configuration and parameters of detectors

Parameter	PMT	APD
Detector	PMTSS	APD120A2
Price（CNY）	28663.91	11944.83
Active area diameter	3.7 mm×13.0 mm	Φ1 mm
Bandwidth /MHz	250	50
Dark current /nA	2（Typical）；10（Max）	—
NEP /（pW·Hz^-1/2）	—	0.21（DC-50 MHz）
Amplifier	C9999（50 mV/μA）	DHPVA-101（20 dB）

Table 2. Data collection conditions of detector performance comparison experiment
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Table 2. Data collection conditions of detector performance comparison experiment
Condition PMT APD
Detector PMTSS APD120A2
Optical power Start at 5 nW，end at 50 nW，step size is 5 nW
Sample rate 125 MHz
Gain voltage 0.313 V，0.342 V，0.374 V fixed

Table 3. Parameter values used for the SNR calculation

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Table 3. Parameter values used for the SNR calculation

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
η	24%（PMTSS）	V_AmpPMT	2.6 mV（RMS）
e	1.6×10^-19C	V_AmpAPD	283 μV（RMS）
λ	525 nm	P_NE	0.21 pW/ $\sqrt[]{H z}$
h	6.62607015× 10^-34 J·s	G_iv	50000
c	3×10⁸ m/s	G_module	50000
B	10 MHz	G_v	10
$I_{d}$	10 nA	R_s	22.3 A/W
M_a	50	F	$M_{a}^{0.4}$

Table 4. Uniform fluorescent solution experimental conditions

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Table 4. Uniform fluorescent solution experimental conditions

Condition	PMT	APD
Detector	PMTSS	APD120A2
Solution	75 mL fluorescein sodium solution with mass concentration of 0.0067%，0.0133%，0.02%，0.0267%，and 0.0333% g/mL
Gain voltage	0.342 V	fixed
Sample rate	125 MHz
Amount of data	Acquire 120 consecutive images for each condition

Table 5. Fluorescence sample selection and preparation

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Table 5. Fluorescence sample selection and preparation

No.	Sample	Preparation
S1	Lower epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves	Avoid the main veins and cut out a number of small square leaves，soak them in 1% sodium fluorescein solution for 96 h，rinse and dry the epidermis before the experiment
S2	Upper epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves	Avoid the main veins and cut out a number of small square leaves，soak them in 1% sodium fluorescein solution for 72 h，rinse and dry the epidermis before the experiment
S3	Lens tissue	0.0333% sodium fluorescein solution sprayed and dried
S4	13 μm fluorescent beads	Pipette 5 μL of fluorescent beads（FL-PS-G-13，TJDAE technology）onto the glass slide and dry

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Guanting Hou, Baoteng Xu, Wei Zhou, Jialin Liu, Liquan Guo, Xibin Yang. Comparative Analysis of the Performance of PMT and APD Detectors in Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(11): 1117001

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