Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of femtosecond pulsed laser irradiated material. (a) Three-dimensional physical model; (b) two-dimensional simplified model

Fig. 2. Validation of simulation results. (a) Comparison of the maximum temperature of the material at 1.0 s of laser action; (b) ablation depth of the material at the end of laser action

Fig. 3. Cross-sectional temperature distributions of the material at different times. (a) t=0.5 s; (b) t=1.0 s; (c) t=1.5 s; (d) t=2.04 s

Fig. 4. Variation curves for different ablation factors. (a) Temperature variations for various ablation depths; (b) temperature variation at ablation depth of 1.0 mm; (c) variation of ablation depth with time (0.5‒1.5 s)

Fig. 5. Stress distribution diagrams of each stress at the center of laser irradiation along the r-direction at different moments. (a) Radial stress; (b) circumferential stress; (c) axial stress

Fig. 6. Stress distribution diagrams of each stress at the center of laser irradiation along the z-direction at different moments. (a) Radial stress and circumferential stress; (b) axial stress

Fig. 7. Variation curves of the maximum values of stresses in different directions during the ablation process over time. (a) Along the r-direction; (b) along the z-direction

Fig. 8. Distributions of each stress in the r-direction at the center of laser irradiation at different laser powers for 1.0 s of laser action. (a) Radial stress; (b) circumferential stress; (c) axial stress

Fig. 9. Distributions of each stress in the z-direction at the center of laser irradiation under different laser powers for 1.0 s of laser action. (a) Radial stress and circumferential stress; (b) axial stress

Fig. 10. Variation curves of the maximum value of each stress along r-direction with ablation time under different powers. (a) Radial stress; (b) circumferential stress; (c) axial stress

Fig. 11. Variation curves of the maximum value of each stress along z-direction with ablation time for different powers. (a) Radial stress and circumferential stress; (b) axial stress