Fig. 1. (a) Representation of typical scalar beams on the standard PS; (b) Representation of typical vector beams on the HOPS. Here we choose the 1-order HOPS as an example

Fig. 2. Current researches on metasurface vector beam regulation. (a) SEM image of the plasmonic vortex beam generator and the measured far-field intensity profiles^[10]; (b) Schematic and operating concept of the J-plate that converts an arbitrary pair of orthogonal polarization states into two beams with independent values of topological charges^[45]; (c) Generation of perfect vector vortex beams with various topological charges via a composite element metasurface^[53]; (d) Schematic of generating broadband perfect Poincaré sphere vector beams^[54]; (e) Dynamic generation of hybrid grafted perfect vector vortex beams^[55]; (f) Schematic of the meta-quadrumer for vortex generation^[56]; (g) Schematic of the nano-ring aperture unit for on-chip noninterference AM multiplexing^[59]; (h) Schematic of a silicon-based OAM emitter^[60]; (i) Schematic of generating arbitrarily structured light on meta-fibers^[3]

Fig. 3. Current researches on metasurface vectorial holography. (a) Schematic of the orthogonal circularly polarization switchable metasurface hologram^[72]; (b) Demonstration of three LP channel multiplexing for vectorial full color holographic display^[74]; (c) Full-polarization vector holography based on diatomic metasurfaces^[75]; (d) Broadband full-polarization vector holography based on geometric phase metasurfaces^[76]; (e) Liquid crystal integrated color printing and vector holographic dual-function meat-devices^[77]; (f) Schematic of the 3D full-polarization vectorial holography based on noninterleaved metasurfaces^[78]; (g) Illustration of the dual-wavelength vectorial meta-hologram^[79]; (h) Schematic of the color full-polarization vectorial hologram^[80]; (i) Schematic of the angular momentum holography via a minimalist metasurface^[81]

Fig. 4. Current researches on metasurface vectorial beam detection devices. (a) Schematic of an on-chip OAM mode detector^[83];(b) Schematic of the OAM detector based on a plamonic grating^[87]; (c) Schematic of the singularity detector based on a spin-Hall meta-grating^[86]; (d) Schematic of the singularity detector based on a spin-decoupled metasurface^[89]; (e) Schematic of the general Hartmann-Shack sensor based on metalenses^[82]; (f) Schematic of the vector beam detector based on non-interleaved chiral metasurfaces^[90]; (g) Schematic of the vector beam detector based on all-silicon metasurfaces^[91]

Fig. 5. Current researches on metasurface vectorial beam applications. (a) Schematic of optical tweezers based on metasurface focusing vortex field^[92]; (b) Schematic of the spin-multiplexed metasurface for bright-field imaging and edge-enhanced contrast imaging^[96]; (c) Schematic of the multi-channel AM multiplexer/demultiplexer^[97]; (d) Schematic of the cylindrical vectorial beam multiplexing communication system^[93]; (e) Schematic of the metasurface OAM-multiplexed holography^[98]; (f) Schematic of OAM-mediated machine learning for high-accuracy mode-feature encoding^[100]