Carbon-negative synthetic biology aims to directly capture CO₂ to produce bio-products. This technique not only solves the “food vs. fuel” dilemma in traditional biological production, but also achieves CO₂ peaking and carbon neutrality, therefore, it has obvious economic, ecological, and social benefits. Cyanobacteria, which use light energy to convert CO₂ into biomass, are ideal chassis cells in CNSB. The newly discovered Synechococcus sp. PCC 11901 is a robust cyanobacterial strain with high resistance to salt and light, fast growth and big biomass, and multiple genetic toolbox available, representing a rising star among the cyanobacterial chassis cells. This review summarized the research progress in PCC 11901, including its morphology, biochemical and physiological features, genomic characteristics, available genetic toolboxes, and bio-products derived from engineered PCC 11901, with the aim of providing theoretical references for future research related to PCC 11901.