TA15 titanium alloy has excellent mechanical properties, but it is highly prone to passivation during electrochemical machining (ECM), forming an oxide film that hinders normal electrochemical dissolution, resulting in poor surface quality and high roughness. In this study, the oxide film on the electrolytic surface of TA15 titanium alloy is cleaned using an ultraviolet pulsed laser, and the effects of different energy densities on the microscopic morphology, elemental mass fraction, phase composition, and roughness of the cleaned electrolytic surface are examined. The experimental results reveal that the distribution of oxygen element on the electrolytic surface of the specimen is non-uniform, with the α-phase being prone to secondary oxidation at low optimal cleaning energy densities, and the β-phase, which has a higher oxygen mass fraction, requires higher energy densities for cleaning. In this study, the oxygen mass fraction of the two phases is balanced by applying the optimal energy density, resulting in lower oxygen mass fraction in both phases. The optimal cleaning parameter for the electrolytic surface oxide film is 2.39 J/cm², at which the surface oxygen mass fraction decreases from the initial 33.17% to the minimum of 18.64%, whereas the titanium mass fraction increases from 51.65% to the maximum of 70.65%. The main component of the electrolytic surface oxide film is TiO₂, and high energy densities also generate unstable suboxides Ti₂O₃ and TiO. As the energy density increases, the surface roughness (Ra) initially decreases and then increases, with the Ra value decreasing from the initial 4.92 μm to the minimum of 2.09 μm. The cleaned titanium alloy surface can also enhance the surface quality for subsequent ECM.