Fig. 1. VLC system model

Fig. 2. Schematic for LOS and NLOS

Fig. 3. Illumination distributions of traditional layout. (a) MATLAB; (b) TracePro

Fig. 4. Rectangular layout of LED

Fig. 5. Mean square error of illumination for rectangular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 6. Illumination distributions for rectangular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 7. Distributions of illumination uniformity for rectangular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 8. Circular layout of LED

Fig. 9. Mean square error of illumination for circular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 10. Illuminantion distributions for circular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 11. Distributions of illumination uniformity for circular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 12. Illuminance for circular layouts with different radii. (a) Min illumination; (b) max illumination

Fig. 13. ROPD with rectangular layout when power of single LED is 4 W. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 14. ROPD with rectangular layout when power of single LED is 8 W. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 15. ROPD with circular layout when power of single LED is 4 W. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 16. ROPD with circular layout when power of single LED is 8 W. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 17. RSN distributions with rectangular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 18. RSN distributions with circular layout. (a) Number of LED is 4; (b) number of LED is 16

Fig. 19. Relationship between ψFOV and optimal layout. (a) Rectangular layout; (b) circular layout