Fig. 1. Sparse optical flow calculation to track the position of the same pixel point at different times

Fig. 2. Schematic of pyramid optical flow calculation

Fig. 3. Data distribution before and after MAD algorithm removes outliers. (a) Before using MAD; (b) after using MAD

Fig. 4. Flow chart of MAD optical flow calculation

Fig. 5. Observation path of telescope system

Fig. 6. 1 km target (building)

Fig. 7. Cassegrain optical telescope system

Fig. 8. Micro-thermometer measurement system. (a) Micro-thermometer; (b) platinum wire probe

Fig. 9. Angle-of-arrival fluctuation variance value obtained by inversion of 6-day observation images. (a) Mar. 5, 2022; (b) Mar. 6, 2022; (c) Mar. 7, 2022; (d) Mar. 8, 2022; (e) Mar. 27, 2022; (f) Mar. 28, 2022

Fig. 10. Comparison of estimated value and measured value of the instrument from the 6-day observation images. (a) Mar. 5, 2022;(b) Mar. 6, 2022; (c) Mar. 7, 2022; (d) Mar. 8, 2022; (e) Mar. 27, 2022; (f) Mar. 28, 2022

Fig. 11. Graphical analysis of measured data by temperature pulsatile instrument and model estimated data of the above-mentioned 6-day. (a) Scatter plot; (b) histogram and kernel density plot

Fig. 12. Estimated and measured values of observation images in three different states. (a) In low brightness state; (b) in blurred state; (c) in the normal state