The dislocation development induced in monocrystalline titanium under cryogenic environment (77 K) is simulated by using the molecular dynamics method. The effect of the temperature on the dislocation development is analyzed by using the common-neighbor analysis (CNA) method, and the propagation properties of laser shock waves along the ［0001］direction under the cryogenic and room-temperature environments are investigated systematically. The results show that the laser shock waves along the ［0001］direction exhibit an elastic-plastic two-wave structure. Under the cryogenic environment, a large number of dislocations occur within materials after the laser shock waves. The plastic deformation mainly manifests as the emission and the propagation of partial dislocations. The impact stress and the shear stress both have the linear relationship with the speed of shock waves. The speed and the pressure of laser shock waves under the cryogenic environment are both higher than those under the room-temperature environment. The speed increases by 9%-10% and the pressure increases by 8%. By means of suppressing the dynamic recovery under the cryogenic environment, laser peening can induce high density dislocations and thus dramatically strengthen the material strength, which provides a reference for the investigation of laser shock peening mechanism under the cryogenic environment.