Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 62, Issue 11, 1127008(2025)

Research Progress on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Grating Couplers (Invited)

Yuxin Ma, Yongteng Wang, and Tianshu Yang*
Author Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics Technologies and Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi , China
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    Figures & Tables(17)
    Schematic diagrams of grating coupler. (a) Structure diagram of grating coupler with linear waveguide taper[22]; (b) sectional view of grating coupler[23]
    Top view of TFLN-based uniform grating coupler[26]
    Electron micrographs of two-dimensional grating coupler[29]. (a) Scanning electron microscope image; (b) optical image
    Schematic diagrams and scanning electron microscope images of two different designs of grating couplers fabricated on the same chip[30]. (a) and (b) are images of a uniform grating coupler; (c) and (d) are images of a uniform grating coupler with additional modification slot
    Structure diagram of uniform grating coupler with bottom metal reflective layer[31]
    Structure diagrams of Si₃N₄ loaded TFLN grating coupler[38]. (a) Three-dimensional view; (b) schematic diagram of the cross section
    Structure diagrams of Si and SiO2 loaded TFLN grating coupler[37]. (a) Two-dimensional schematic diagram of the cross section; (b) three-dimensional view
    Schematic diagrams of TFLN grating coupler with Si grating at the top[39]. (a) Three-dimensional schematic diagram; (b) cross-sectional view
    Schematic cross-sectional view of a-Si grating coupler fabricated on TFLN[40]
    Schematic diagrams of grating coupler with Au layer deposited[41]. (a) Three-dimensional structure diagram; (b) two-dimensional structure diagram
    Cross-sectional schematic diagram of non-uniform grating coupler[43]
    Cross-sectional schematic diagram of non-uniform grating coupler with bottom metal reflective layer[47]
    Schematic diagrams of SWG coupler[50]. (a) Cross-sectional view and the structure diagram of SWG region; (b) top view of SWG region
    Structure diagrams of the grating with HSQ[51]. (a) Cross-sectional view; (b) enlarged view of two grating teeth
    Grating coupler with double-layer Si structure[52]. (a) Schematic diagram of three-dimensional structure; (b) two-dimensional sectional view and key parameters
    • Table 1. Summary of performance indexes of uniform grating coupler based on TFLN

      View table

      Table 1. Summary of performance indexes of uniform grating coupler based on TFLN

      CategoryStructural design and geometric dimensionIndex typePolarization modeCoupling efficiency /dB (wavelength /nm)Bandwidth /nmRemarkReference
      NormalOne-dimensional (tTFLN=470 nm; tB=4.70 µm; tST=500 µm; Λ=1.170 µm)STE-3.40 (1550)90 (3 dB26
      ETE-6.30 (1543)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm; tB=4.70 µm; tST=675 µm;Λ=0.900 µm; FF=0.60)STE-3.20 (1557)76 (3 dB27
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=300 nm; tB=4.20 µm; Λ=0.650 µm; d=130 nm; FF=0.28; θ=17°)STM-4.20 (850)28
      Two-dimensional (tTFLN=360 nm; tB=2.00 µm;Λ=0.982 µm)STE-4.98 (1550)63(1 dB)PDL≈0.40 dB29
      ETE-7.20 (1550)64(1 dB)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=610 nm;tB=4.70 µm; d=473 nm;tST=500 µm; Λ=1.170 µm;FF1=0.5; FFn=0.6; θ=-8°)ETE-5.40 (1567)>80 (3 dB30
      Metal reflectorOne-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm;tB=1.275 µm; Λ=0.928 µm;tAu=100 nm; d=160 nm;FF=0.5; θ=8°)STE-1.08 (1550)98 (3 dB33
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=480 nm; tB=2.230 µm; Λ=0.960 µm; tCr=10 nm/tAu=100 nm/ tCr=30 nm; d=285 nm; FF=0.5; θ=8°)STE-2.00 (1550)31
      ETE-6.90 (1550)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=500 nm;tB=2.00 µm; tAu=100 nm; d=400 nm; FF=0.4; θ=8°)ETE-3.51 (1520‒1630)34
      ETM-7.10 (1520‒1630)
      Two-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm; tB=3.00 µm; Λ=0.849 µm; d=200 nm; FF=0.5)STE-3.88 (1550)49(1 dB)PDL=2.17 dB35
      STM-5.78 (1563)45(1 dB)
      ETE-5.13 (1561)32(1 dB)
      ETM-7.60 (1568)29(1 dB)
      Heterogeneous integrationOne-dimensional (tTFLN=500 nm; tB=2.00 µm; Λ=1.166 µm; d=300 nm; tSi3N4=300 nm; FF=0.54; θ=8°)STE-4.75 (1550)113 (3 dB38
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm; tB=2.00 µm; tM=90 nm; tClad=300 nm)STM-1.40 (1549)47 (3 dB37
      ETM-2.20 (1640)86 (3 dB
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=600 nm; tB=2.00 µm; tM=90 nm; tSi=340 nm; Λ=0.894 nm; FF=0.52; θ=12°)STE-2.92 (1550)49(1 dB); 83 (3 dBPDL<0.1 dB (1537‒1587 nm)39
      STM-2.92 (1550)58(1 dB); 106 (3 dB
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=600 nm; d=165 nm; tM=90 nm; ta-Si=220 nm)ETE-5.00 (1550)40
      ETM-5.00 (1550)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm; tB=3.0 µm;tAu=50 nm; tClad=830 nm;FF=0.38; θ=8°)STE-2.98 (1550)58(1 dB)41
      ETE-3.58 (1550)
      ETE-4.72 (1550)tTFLN=600 nm; tB=1.5 µm
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm;tB=3.00 µm; d=200 nm;tAu=50 nm; Λ=0.957 µm; tClad=321 nm; FF=0.35; θ=11.2°)STE-3.56 (1586)45 (0.5 dB)PDL<0.69 dB42
      STM-3.60 (1590)45 (0.5 dB)
      ETE-3.56 (1573)44 (0.5 dB)
      ETM-4.08 (1573)44 (0.5 dB)
    • Table 2. Summary of performance indexes of non-uniform grating coupler based on TFLN

      View table

      Table 2. Summary of performance indexes of non-uniform grating coupler based on TFLN

      CategoryStructural design and geometric dimensionIndex typePolarization modeCoupling efficiency /dB (wavelength /nm)Bandwidth /nmRemarkReference
      NormalOne-dimensional (tTFLN=500 nm;tB=2.00 µm; d=290 nm)STE-1.77 (1550)44 (3 dB43
      ETE-3.60 (1550)48 (3 dB
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=700 nm;d=450 nm; θ=8°)STE-2.94 (1572.4)69(1 dB);113(3 dB)44
      ETE-3.80 (1574.9)72(1 dB);>120(3 dB)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=500 nm;tB=2.00 µm; tST=500 µm; d=300 nm; θ=6°)STE-2.82 (1550)73 (3 dB45
      STM-2.83 (1550)100 (3 dB
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=600 nm;tB=2.00 µm; tST=525 µm; d=400 nm; θ=10°)STE-2.88 (1557)50(1 dB)46
      ETE-2.97 (1555)46(1 dB)
      Metal reflectorOne-dimensional (tTFLN=482 nm;tB=1.96 µm; tCr=10 nm/tAu=100 nm/tCr=30 nm; d=320 nm;θ=8°)STE-0.80 (1550)48
      ETE-5.50 (1550)82 (3 dB
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=500 nm;tB=2.00 µm; tAu=100 nm)STE-0.52 (1550)38 (3 dB47
      STM-1.68 (1550)
      ETE-1.43 (1552)
      ETM-2.10 (1547)
      Heterogeneous integrationOne-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm;tB=3.00 µm; tClad=690 nm; tTi=5 nm; tAu=100 nm; d=200 nm)STE-0.71(1542)46(1 dB)49
      ETE-0.89 (1552)45(1 dB)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm;tB=4.70 µm; tClad=1.4 µm; d=240 nm; θ=2.3°)STE-1.00(1306)50
      ETE-1.99 (1313)38 (3 dB
      Heterogeneous integrationOne-dimensional (tTFLN=300 nm;tB=4.75 µm; tAl=100 nm; d=257 nm; tHSQ=750 nm; θ=8°)STE-3.00 (775)Adding reflective layer (ηCE>-0.2 dB)51
      STE-2.84 (1510)
      ETE-3.48 (775)11 (3 dB
      ETE-3.27 (1550)35 (3 dB
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=600 nm;tB=4.42 µm; tClad=150 nm; 90 nm Si waveguide; 220 nm Si grating)STE-1.76 (1550)52
      ETE-2.84 (1550)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=600 nm; tAu=100 nm; θ=10°)STE-0.97 (1550)PDL=0.2 dB53
      STM-1.08 (1550)
      One-dimensional (tTFLN=400 nm;tB=3.00 µm; tClad=800 nm; tAu=50 nm; d=60 nm; θ=8°)STE-3.18 (1550)55(1 dB)PDL<0.09 dB (1510‒1590 nm)54
      STM-3.22 (1550)55(1 dB)
      PSO and BPNNOne-dimensional (tTFLN=500 nm;tB=2.00 µm; θ=2°)STE-2.00 (1550)55
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    Yuxin Ma, Yongteng Wang, Tianshu Yang. Research Progress on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Grating Couplers (Invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(11): 1127008

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    Paper Information

    Category: Quantum Optics

    Received: Feb. 12, 2025

    Accepted: Apr. 28, 2025

    Published Online: Jun. 25, 2025

    The Author Email: Tianshu Yang (tianshuyang@sxu.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/LOP250621

    CSTR:32186.14.LOP250621

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