Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, Volume. 53, Issue 8, 2148(2025)
A Review on Hydrometallurgy Recycle and Regeneration Technology of Cathode Materials for Spent Lithium-ion Batteries
[1] [1] WANG J X, MA J, ZHUANG Z F, et al. Toward direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion batteries: A next-generation recycling method[J]. Chem Rev, 2024, 124(5): 2839-2887.
[2] [2] DRISCOLL L L, JARVIS A, MADGE R, et al. Phase-selective recovery and regeneration of end-of-life electric vehicle blended cathodesviaselective leaching and direct recycling[J]. Joule, 2024, 8(10): 2735-2754.
[3] [3] ZHOU J H, ZHOU X, YU W H, et al. Towards greener recycling: Direct repair of cathode materials in spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochem Energy Rev, 2024, 7(1): 13.
[4] [4] FAN M, MENG X H, GUO H, et al. Reviving fatigue surface for solid-state upcycling of highly degraded polycrystalline LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 cathodes[J]. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(35): e2405238.
[6] [6] ZHU X H, LI Y J, GONG M Q, et al. Recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using carbothermal shock method[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62(15): e202300074.
[7] [7] HU Y, YANG M C, DONG Q Y, et al. Green and sustainable recycling of lithium-ion batteriesviaan ionic liquid-driven cathode reduction method[J]. Energy Environ Sci, 2024, 17(12): 4238-4247.
[8] [8] ZHU P F, JIANG Z P, SUN W, et al. Built-in anionic equilibrium for atom-economic recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Environ Sci, 2023, 16(8): 3564-3575.
[9] [9] TANG D, JI G J, WANG J X, et al. A multifunctional amino acid enables direct recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathode material[J]. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(5): e2309722.
[10] [10] GUO M M, LI K, LIU L Z, et al. Insight into a sustainable application of spent lithium-ion cobaltate batteries: Preparation of a cobalt-based oxide catalyst and its catalytic performance in toluene oxidation[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2020, 59(1): 194-204.
[11] [11] LIANG J X, XUE Y X, GU J N, et al. Sustainably recycling spent lithium-ion batteries to prepare magnetically separable cobalt ferrite for catalytic degradation of bisphenol Aviaperoxymonosulfate activation[J]. J Hazard Mater, 2022, 427: 127910.
[12] [12] LIANG J X, CHEN R C, GU J N, et al. Sustainable recycling of spent ternary lithium-ion batteriesviaan environmentally friendly process: Selective recovery of lithium and non-hazardous upcycling of residue[J]. Chem Eng J, 2024, 481: 148516.
[13] [13] FENG S Y, LI D H, DENG J H, et al. Closed-Loop recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries based on preferentially selective extraction of lithium strategy[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 354: 128953.
[14] [14] ZHAO J J, ZHOU F Y, WANG H Y, et al. Coupling electrochemical leaching with solvent extraction for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2024.
[15] [15] FAN M C, ZHAO Y, KANG Y Q, et al. Room-temperature extraction of individual elements from charged spent LiFePO4 batteries[J]. Rare Met, 2022, 41(5): 1595-1604.
[16] [16] JIANG S Q, XU C, LI X G, et al. Mixed crushing and competitive leaching of all electrode material components and metal collector fluid in the spent lithium battery[J]. J Environ Manage, 2024, 358: 120818.
[17] [17] ZHANG X M, XIE W, ZHOU X L, et al. Study on metal recovery process and kinetics of oxidative leaching from spent LiFePO4 Li-batteries[J]. Chin J Chem Eng, 2024, 68: 94-102.
[18] [18] TAWONEZVI T, ZIDE D, NOMNQA M, et al. Recovery of NixMnyCoz(OH)2 and Li2CO3 from spent Li-ionB cathode leachates using non-Na precipitant-based chemical precipitation for sustainable recycling[J]. Chem Eng J Adv, 2024, 17: 100582.
[19] [19] HAN F, ZHOU L, FANG D F, et al. Alkali-enhanced polyvinylidene fluoride cracking to deeply remove aluminum impurities for regeneration of battery-grade lithium iron phosphate[J]. Chem Eng J, 2024, 483: 148973.
[20] [20] WANG D F, CHEN M, ZHAO J J, et al. Revealing role of oxidation in recycling spent lithium iron phosphate through acid leaching[J/OL]. Rare Met, [2024-11-08]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-024-03007-x
[21] [21] MUKAI K, TAKATANI Y, NONAKA T. Mechanisms underlying the acid leaching process for LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 with and without H2O2[J]. Energy Adv, 2024, 3(5): 1099-1110.
[22] [22] MA W J, LI S Z, ZHAO Q X, et al. Selective recovery of Li2CO3 from single or mixed cathode materials of LIBs using carbonation leaching technology with minor acid[J]. J Energy Storage, 2024, 95: 112432.
[23] [23] YU T T, ZHOU W B, ZHANG Y G, et al. Molecular dynamics simulation study on the interaction mechanisms of leaching solutions and LiCoO2 surface[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2024, 339: 126596.
[24] [24] DEL MAR CERRILLO-GONZALEZ M, VILLEN-GUZMAN M, RIVAS-BASCON A, et al. A comparison of batch and semi-batch reactors for leaching battery cathodes (LiCoO2) under controlled addition of HCl and H2O2[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2024, 227: 106334.
[25] [25] SONOC A, MARTHI R, JESWIET J. A zero-liquid discharge process to recover all critical metals from spent NCM111 cathode material of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries: Statistically optimized leaching with formic acid andin situcrystallization[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2024, 230: 106362.
[26] [26] RAUTELA R, YADAV B R, KUMAR S. Enhancing the efficiency of metals extraction from waste lithium-ion batteries through glycine leaching using response surface methodology for economic feasibility[J]. J Clean Prod, 2024, 447: 141602.
[27] [27] SAHU S, AGRAWALA M, PATRA S R, et al. Synergistic approach for selective leaching and separation of strategic metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Omega, 2024, 9(9): 10556-10565.
[28] [28] OKONKWO E G, WHEATLEY G, LIU Y, et al. Metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries cathode materials: Comparative study of sugar-based reductants[J]. J Hazard Mater Lett, 2024, 5: 100104.
[29] [29] ZHAO T Y, MAHANDRA H, CHOI Y, et al. A clean and sustainable method for recycling of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate battery powder by using formic acid and oxygen[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2024, 920: 170930.
[30] [30] ZHANG J Z, DING Y, SHI H, et al. Selective recycling of lithium from spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathodeviaconstructing a synergistic leaching environment[J]. J Environ Manage, 2024, 352: 120021.
[31] [31] BHAGASKARA A, SAPUTRA D A, SAVIOLA A J, et al. Recycling of nickel metal from spent nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cathode batteries using H3PO4-H2C2O4 solution combination as an efficient leaching agent[J]. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng, 2024, 10: 100844.
[32] [32] YU J C, MA B Z, QIU Z J, et al. Separation and recovery of valuable metals from ammonia leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2023, 11(26): 9738-9750.
[33] [33] YANG C, CHEN G J, XU L, et al. Facile fabrication of nickel-cobalt oxide for efficient oxygen evolution reaction from ammonia leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Int J Hydrog Energy, 2024, 71: 1334-1341.
[34] [34] YE L, XU Z L, GONG H Q, et al. An ultra-fast reaction process for recycling lithium ion batteriesviagalvanic cell interaction[J]. Chem Sci, 2024, 16(1): 297-309.
[35] [35] YUN S, JUNG H, LEE H J, et al. Bioleaching of valuable metals from three cathode active materials comprising lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) oxide using indigenous microorganisms[J]. J Ind Eng Chem, 2024, 135: 552-560.
[36] [36] YANG Z D, CHEN L D, XU S C, et al. Tailored biolixiviation of spent LiCoO2 cathode batteries for sustainable metal recovery: Effects of consortia adaptation and particle size[J]. Chem Eng Sci, 2025, 302: 120858.
[37] [37] NASERI T, MOUSAVI S M. Improvement of Li and Mn bioleaching from spent lithium-ion batteries, using step-wise addition of biogenic sulfuric acid byAcidithiobacillus thiooxidans[J]. Heliyon, 2024, 10(18): e37447.
[38] [38] LOU L, LIU X C, WANG Y Y, et al. Achieving reusability of leachate for multi-element recovery of the discarded LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathode by regulating the co-precipitation coefficient[J]. Chin Chem Lett, 2024, 3: 109726.
[39] [39] WANG Z J, HU T, LOU L, et al. Realizing lean-leachate recycling of spent lithium nickel oxides by dynamically stabilizing the hole-mediated diffusion kinetics[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16(18): 23160-23168.
[40] [40] ZHENG S M, XU S, WANG Z H, et al. Efficient leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using green deep eutectic solvents: Process optimization, mechanistic analysis, and environmental impact assessment[J]. J Clean Prod, 2024, 480: 144128.
[41] [41] LI B, LI C P, WANG J S, et al. High-efficiency leaching of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion ternary batteries under mild conditions using green deep eutectic solvents[J]. Green Chem, 2025, 27(1): 163-178.
[42] [42] YANG L M, GAO Z, LIU T, et al. Direct electrochemical leaching method for high-purity lithium recovery from spent lithium batteries[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2023, 57(11): 4591-4597.
[43] [43] CHEN M, GUO L F, LI Y Y, et al. Highly selective extraction of lithium from spent NCM cathode powder reconstructive electrode by acid-free electrochemical process[J]. Energy Fuels, 2024, 38(6): 5558-5567.
[44] [44] TIAN S C, CAO Y M, DONG L P, et al. Selective recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 powders with electrochemical method[J]. J Environ Chem Eng, 2024, 12(3): 112871.
[45] [45] CHEN J, MA E, ZHANG C L, et al. Mechanism and technological method of leaching metals from waste lithium-ion batteries by synergistic action of natural organic reductants and mechanochemical method[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 353: 128371.
[46] [46] HE T, ZHAO J X, CHEN D X, et al. Self-actuated leaching and integrated separation of spent lithium-ion batteries cathode and anode sheets[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2024, 345: 127396.
[47] [47] DE OCA D M M, SHI M, DIAZ L A, et al. Electrochemical leaching of spent LIBs: Kinetics, novel reactor, and modeling[J]. Sustain Mater Technol, 2024, 40: e00898.
[48] [48] WEI N, HE Y Q, ZHANG G W, et al. A sustainable strategy for recovering spent cathode materials based onin situthermal reduction and electrically driven leaching[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 354: 129543.
[49] [49] NIU Y, SHI D, CHENG X Y, et al. A closed-loop coupling process of leaching and solvent extraction for Li2CO3 and FePO4 recovery from spent LiFePO4[J]. Sustain Mater Technol, 2024, 39: e00827.
[50] [50] LIU Z H, LIAO X J, ZHANG Y M, et al. A highly efficient process to enhance the bioleaching of spent lithium-ion batteries by bifunctional pyrite combined with elemental sulfur[J]. J Environ Manage, 2024, 351: 119954.
[51] [51] BORRA V L, JENA A, SISTLA N S, et al. Synergetic recycling of permanent magnet and Li-ion battery cathode material for metals recovery[J]. Sustain Mater Technol, 2024, 41: e01043.
[52] [52] KIM J, NWE H H, YOON C S. Enhanced bioleaching of spent Li-ion batteries using A. ferrooxidans by application of external magnetic field[J]. J Environ Manage, 2024, 367: 122012.
[53] [53] NSHIZIRUNGU T, RANA M, JO Y T, et al. Ultrasound-assisted sustainable recycling of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteriesviaoptimisation using response surface methodology[J]. J Environ Chem Eng, 2024, 12(2): 112371.
[54] [54] OKONKWO E G, WHEATLEY G, LIU Y, et al. A cavitation enabled green leaching of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif, 2024, 202: 109850.
[55] [55] LI H F, BERBILLE A, ZHAO X, et al. A contact-electro-catalytic cathode recycling method for spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Nat Energy, 2023, 8: 1137-1144.
[56] [56] LIN M Y, ZHANG J L, XU C J, et al. Two targets, one strike: Efficient recovery of lithium and simultaneous removal of impurities from spent LFP batteriesviaferric ions assisted air oxidation method[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 355: 129558.
[57] [57] DING W, BAO S X, ZHANG Y M, et al. Sustainable regeneration of high-performance cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through magnetic separation and coprecipitation[J]. J Clean Prod, 2024, 438: 140798.
[58] [58] LI S Y, ZHANG W C, XIA Y, et al. Enhanced reducing capacity of citric acid for lithium-ion battery recycling under microwave-assisted leaching[J]. Waste Manag, 2024, 189: 23-33.
[59] [59] KANG S Y, OU J T, WANG X, et al. Effect analysis on recycling of cathode material from spent ternary lithium-ion batteriesviasupercritical water oxidation and acid-leaching[J]. J Supercrit Fluids, 2024, 211: 106297.
[60] [60] LIU G Q, LIU Z J, GU J, et al. Facile and sustainable recovery of spent LiFePO4 battery cathode materials in a Ca(ClO)2 system[J]. Green Chem, 2024, 26(6): 3317-3328.
[62] [62] XIAO F Y, LAI W B, ZENG S H, et al. Facile fabrication of FePO4-V2O5-graphene oxide recovered from spent LiFePO4 batteries as high-performance cathode for lithium/sodium-ion batteries[J]. Adv Sustain Syst, 2024, 8(8): 2400098.
[63] [63] ZENG S H, XU Q X, JIN H J, et al. A green strategy towards fabricating FePO4-graphene oxide for high-performance cathode of lithium/sodium-ion batteries recovered from spent batteries[J]. J Electroanal Chem, 2022, 913: 116287.
[64] [64] TIAN B Y, LI J Z, ZHAO J, et al. Humic acid-mediated mechanism for efficient biodissolution of used lithium batteries[J]. J Hazard Mater, 2024, 477: 135400.
[65] [65] WANG Z, LI M, FU B, et al. Recycling cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries for designing the novel cobalt nitride followers: Towards efficient overall water splitting and advanced zinc-air batteries[J]. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2024, 662: 218-230.
[66] [66] CARENA E, MORINA R, BRUGNETTI G, et al. The recycling of lithium-ion batteries LiCoO2 cathode: Balancing sustainability and efficiency[J]. J Chem Educ, 2024, 101(5): 2124-2133.
[67] [67] MARTINS L S, ROVANI S, BOTELHO A B Jr, et al. Sustainable approach for critical metals recovery through hydrometallurgical processing of spent batteries using organic acids[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2023, 62(44): 18672-18682.
[68] [68] LI Y J, DONG L P, SHI P, et al. Selective recovery of lithium from lithium iron phosphate[J]. J Power Sources, 2024, 598: 234158.
[69] [69] JOSHI B, PRASETYO E, BANDYOPADHYAY S. Selective lithium recovery from pyrolyzed black mass through optimized caustic leaching[J]. J Environ Chem Eng, 2024, 12(5): 113787.
[70] [70] KANG X C, ZHANG X X, LIU S, et al. Selective recovery of lithium from used lithium-ion batteries spentviagrain boundary reconstruction reaction[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 356: 129726.
[71] [71] SU F Y, ZHOU X Y, LIU Y K, et al. A Fe(III)-driven strategy for efficient closed-loop recovery of critical metals from spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 powder[J]. Chem Eng J, 2024, 493: 152297.
[72] [72] PEI S Z, YAN S X, CHEN X P, et al. Novel electrochemical process for recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Manag, 2024, 188: 1-10.
[73] [73] YAO Q, XIAO F Y, LIN C Y, et al. Regeneration of spent lithium manganate into cation-doped and oxygen-deficient MnO2 cathodes toward ultralong lifespan and wide-temperature-tolerant aqueous Zn-ion batteries[J]. Battery Energy, 2023, 2(4): 20220065.
[74] [74] ZHAO R Z, SUN H, LIU L J, et al. A new solvent extraction technology and mechanism for the separation and recovery of Li+ using benzene sulfonamide acid substance[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 356: 129913.
[75] [75] QING J L, WU X S, ZENG L, et al. High-efficiency recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: Optimization of SO2 pressure leaching and selective extraction of trace impurities[J]. J Environ Manag, 2024, 356: 120729.
[76] [76] HAN Y X, CHEN J, LI H L, et al. Selective recovery of transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries leachate with Ni synergistic extraction system[J]. J Environ Chem Eng, 2024, 12(5): 113321.
[77] [77] LI X H, BENSTEAD M, PEETERS N, et al. Recycling of metals from LiFePO4 battery cathode material by using ionic liquid based-aqueous biphasic systems[J]. RSC Adv, 2024, 14(13): 9262-9272.
[78] [78] MUOVI J, TEKI D, MARI S, et al. Sustainable recovery of cobalt and lithium from lithium-ion battery cathode material by combining sulfate leachates and aqueous biphasic systems based on tetrabutylphosphonium-ionic liquids[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2024, 348: 127707.
[79] [79] GONG S Y, DONG E H, LIU B G, et al. Eco-friendly closed-loop recycling of nickel, cobalt, manganese, and lithium from spent ternary lithium-ion battery cathodes[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2024, 348: 127771.
[80] [80] WESSELBORG T, ASUMALAHTI S, VIROLAINEN S, et al. Design of a continuous ion exchange process in battery metals recycling: From single column experiments towards a simulated moving bed configuration[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2024, 228: 106361.
[81] [81] LEI Q Y, ZHOU K G, ZHANG X K, et al. Selective extraction of valuable metals from the organic leachate of spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 battery through a sequential co-precipitation-resin adsorption approach[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 353: 128501.
[82] [82] HUO X, WANG J Y, TANG X, et al. Stepwise separation and recovery of metal ions from waste LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 batteries using a NaA zeolite[J]. ACS Sustain Resour Manag, 2024, 1(5): 970-977.
[83] [83] PENG Z J, LU Q C, ZHU Z H, et al. Efficient and green recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries based on a multipotential field membrane process intensification[J]. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2024, 12(47): 17249-17262.
[84] [84] TROITSKIY V A, PASECHNAYA E L, SMIRNOVA N V, et al. Lithium recycling from artificial leachate of spent lithium-ion batteries using track-etched membranes for hybrid electrobaromembrane method[J]. J Water Process Eng, 2024, 66: 105919.
[85] [85] HE S, ZUO Q Y, SHI H, et al. Direct recovery of high-purity lithiumviananofiltration membranes from leaching solution of spent lithium batteries[J]. Resour Conserv Recycl, 2024, 210: 107846.
[86] [86] FOO Z H, LIU S W, KANIAS L, et al. Positively-coated nanofiltration membranes for lithium recovery from battery leachates and salt-lakes: Ion transport fundamentals and module performance[J]. Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34(48): 2408685.
[87] [87] QU G R, YANG J Q, RAN Y X, et al. Adsorption performance and mechanism of TiO2/PVDF-based lithium-ion imprinted membrane in leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J Clean Prod, 2024, 442: 140982.
[88] [88] ZHU J Y, ASADI A, KANG D X, et al. Bipolar membranes electrodialysis of lithium sulfate solutions from hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 354: 128715.
[89] [89] CHEN H, LIAO L Y, DING Y X, et al. Feasible route for the regeneration of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteriesviareduction leaching and in-site precipitation[J]. J Power Sources, 2024, 598: 234155.
[90] [90] ZHOU M M, SHEN J, DUAN Y, et al. The Le Chatelier’s principle enables closed loop regenerating ternary cathode materials for spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Mater, 2024, 67: 103250.
[91] [91] KIM S, PARK S, KIM D, et al. Closed-loop resynthesis of LiNiCoAlO2 cathode active materials from the industrial leachate of spent li-ion batteries[J]. Chem Eng J, 2024, 494: 153199.
[92] [92] ZHANG X H, YANG S L, DENG C Q, et al. Selective recovery of metals in spent batteries by electrochemical precipitation to cathode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Heliyon, 2024, 10(5): e27127.
[93] [93] LEI S Y, ZHAO W Q, LI J X, et al. For elements-utilization regeneration of spent LiFePO4: Designed basic precursors for advanced polycrystal electrode materials[J]. Energy Storage Mater, 2025, 74: 103863.
[94] [94] FU D J, ZHOU W, LIU J L, et al. A facile route for the efficient leaching, recovery, and regeneration of lithium and iron from waste lithium iron phosphate cathode materials[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2024, 342: 127069.
[95] [95] ZHOU M M, SHEN J, ZUO Y Z, et al. The Fischer-lactonization-driven mechanism for ultra-efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025, 137(2): e202414484.
[96] [96] WANG J Z, HUANG K, DONG H L, et al. A green process for recycling and synthesis of cathode materials LiMn2O4 from spent lithium-ion batteries using citric acid[J]. RSC Adv, 2022, 12(36): 23683-23691.
[97] [97] YU L, BAI Y C, ESSEHLI R, et al. Efficient separation and coprecipitation for simplified cathode recycling[J]. Energy Storage Mater, 2023, 63: 103025.
[98] [98] ZHANG Y, YU M, GUO J M, et al. Recover value metals from spent lithium-ion batteriesviaa combination ofin situreduction pretreatment and facile acid leaching[J]. Waste Manag, 2023, 161: 193-202.
[99] [99] MA R F, TAO S Y, SUN X, et al. Pathway decisions for reuse and recycling of retired lithium-ion batteries considering economic and environmental functions[J]. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 7641.
[100] [100] TAO S Y, MA R F, ZHAO Z X, et al. Generative learning assisted state-of-health estimation for sustainable battery recycling with random retirement conditions[J]. Nat Commun, 2024, 15: 10154.
[101] [101] TAO S Y, ZHANG M T, ZHAO Z X, et al. Non-destructive degradation pattern decoupling for early battery trajectory predictionviaphysics-informed learning[J]. Energy Environ Sci, 2025, 18(3): 1544-1559.
[102] [102] TAO S Y, LIU H Z, SUN C B, et al. Collaborative and privacy-preserving retired battery sorting for profitable direct recyclingviafederated machine learning[J]. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 8032.
[103] [103] SUN Y H, YANG H J, LI J, et al. A large volume and low energy consumption recycling strategy for LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries[J]. J Power Sources, 2024, 602: 234407.
[104] [104] CHU W, ZHANG Y L, CHEN X, et al. Synthesis of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 from mixed cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J Power Sources, 2020, 449: 227567.
[105] [105] HUANG Z X, LIU X, ZHENG Y, et al. Boosting efficient and low-energy solid phase regeneration for single crystal LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2viahighly selective leaching and its industrial application[J]. Chem Eng J, 2023, 451: 139039.
[106] [106] FANG J H, DING Z P, LING Y, et al. Green recycling and regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 from spent Lithium-ion batteries assisted by sodium sulfate electrolysis[J]. Chem Eng J, 2022, 440: 135880.
[107] [107] ZHOU H X, HU Q, LI L Q, et al. Endogenous advanced oxidation process with peracetic acid for recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries[J]. Chem Eng Sci, 2024, 295: 120202.
[108] [108] LI L, BIAN Y F, ZHANG X X, et al. Process for recycling mixed-cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and kinetics of leaching[J]. Waste Manag, 2018, 71: 362-371
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
CHEN Lihui, LAI Wenbin, LUO Fenqiang, LAI Zhiying, FANG Chaobin, ZENG Shihan, XIAO Fuyu, QIAN Qingrong, CHEN Qinghua, ZENG Lingxing. A Review on Hydrometallurgy Recycle and Regeneration Technology of Cathode Materials for Spent Lithium-ion Batteries[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025, 53(8): 2148
Special Issue:
Received: Dec. 23, 2024
Accepted: Sep. 5, 2025
Published Online: Sep. 5, 2025
The Author Email: ZENG Lingxing (zenglingxing@fjnu.edu.cn)