Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 11, 1116004(2024)
Thin Film Lithium Niobate On-Chip Integration of Multi-Dimensional Multiplexed Photonic Devices (Invited)
Figures & Tables(18)
Fig. 1. Preparation method of LNOI waveguide. (a) Preparation step of directly etching LN to form a ridge waveguide; (b) preparation step of depositing optical load material on top of LN to form a ridge waveguide
Fig. 3. Thin film lithium niobate mode division multiplexers. (a) PhotonicvBIC structure in the polymer-loaded LNOI platform[112]; (b) MZI structure in the direct etching LN platform[113]; (c) asymmetric directional coupling structure in the silicon rich nitride-loaded LNOI platform[110]; (d) asymmetric directional coupling structure in the silicon nitride-loaded LNOI platform[54]; (e) adiabatic asymmetric coupling structure in the direct etching LN platform[114]
Fig. 6. Thin film lithium niobate polarizers. (a) TM-pass polarizer based on long-period grating structure[126]; (b) TM-pass polarizer based on hybrid plasmonic grating structure[127]; (c) TE-pass polarizer based on hybrid plasmonic grating structure[128]; (d) TM-pass polarizer based on air-slot assisted waveguide structure[129]; (e) TM-pass polarizer based on SWG structure[130]; (f) TM-pass polarizer based on SWG metamaterial structure[131]
Fig. 7. Thin film lithium niobate polarization beam splitters. (a) MZI structure[133]; (b) stimulated Raman adiabatic passage structure[134]; (c) hybrid plasmonic structure[135]; (d) hetero-anisotropic metamaterial structure[136]; (e) photonic-crystal-assisted MMI structure[140]; (f) thermo-optic MZI structure[141]
Fig. 9. Thin film lithium niobate polarization rotator-splitters. (a) Two-stage adiabatic mode evolution structure[146]; (b) asymmetric directional coupler structure[54]; (c) combined structure consisting of an adiabatic taper, an asymmetric directional coupler, and a MMI mode splitter[147]; (d) adiabatic mode evolution structure[149]; (e) multi-taper structure[150]; (f) fully adiabatic structure[151]; (g) asymmetric Y-branch structure[152]; (h) combined structure consisting of an adiabatic taper, a Y-branch, and a MMI mode splitter[153]
Table 1. Wavelength division multiplexers in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 1. Wavelength division multiplexers in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Structure Wavelength channel Channel spacing /nm Insertion loss /dB Crosstalk /dB ［ 88 ］MMI+AWG 8 4.0 <25.0 <-10.0 ［ 90 ］AWG 4 3.2 <27.2 <-7.5 ［ 91 ］AWG 8/16 9.6/3.7 <6.6/8.4 <-19.3/-18.3 ［ 92 ］AWG 4 0.8 2.3 -20.0 ［ 86 ］AMMI+4 MZI 4 ‒ <0.9 ~18.2 ［ 93 ］MMI 4 20.0 <0.7 <-18.0 ［ 53 ］4 F-P cavities+ WDM filter 4 7.0 ~0.8 <-22.0 ［ 94 ］Bragg grating 4 20.0 <1.0 <-18.0 ［ 96 ］MWG 3 ‒ <0.2 ~30.0 ［ 97 ］Subwavelength grating 3 3.2 ~2.5 <-20.0
Table 2. Mode multiplexers in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 2. Mode multiplexers in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Structure Mode Insertion loss /dB Crosstalk /dB Bandwidth /nm Simulated Experimental Simulated Experimental Simulated Experimental ［ 112 ］ADC 4 ~0.6 ~1.5 -13.0 -13.0 50 50 ［ 113 ］MZI 2 ‒ ‒ <-20.0 <-16.9 30 30 ［ 110 ］Adiabatic DC 4 0.2 1.6 ‒ -16.0 ‒ 100 ［ 54 ］ADC 4 0.5 2.8 -13.0 -11.0 70 70 ［ 114 ］Adiabatic DC 4 ~0.1 ~0.2 -23.0 -20.0 200 >80
Table 3. Optical power splitters in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 3. Optical power splitters in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Structure Insertion loss /dB Bandwidth /nm Length /μm Simulated Experimental Simulated Experimental ［ 115 ］Y-branch+SWG 0.16 ‒ 800 ‒ 2.7 ［ 116 ］Y-branch ‒ 0.18 ‒ 100 20.0 ［ 117 ］Y-branch +Intelligent algorithm 0.10 ‒ 20 ‒ 2.6 T-branch 1.30 ‒ 100 ‒ 2.9 ［ 118 ］MMI 0.01 ‒ 1314 ‒ 42.9 ［ 119 ］Adiabatic DC 0.53 0.70 900 100（C band） 60.0 160（O band） 100（L band） ［ 120 ］Y-branch+SWG 0.12 0.20 800 100 9.6
Table 4. Waveguide bendings in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 4. Waveguide bendings in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Structure Mode Insertion loss /dB Crosstalk /dB Bandwidth /nm Length /μm Simulated Experimental Simulated Experimental ［ 121 ］Intelligent algorithm 1 0.29 0.41 ‒ ‒ 100 6 ［ 123 ］Air grooves 3 0.85 2.50 -12.8 -12.2 100 120 ［ 102 ］Euler bend 4 0.04 0.05 -25.0 -17.0 100 160
Table 5. Waveguide crossings in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 5. Waveguide crossings in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Mode Insertion loss /dB Crosstalk /dB Bandwidth /nm Length /μm ［ 121 ］1 0.48 -36 100 12 ［ 122 ］1 0.07 -50 80 35
Table 6. Polarizers in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 6. Polarizers in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Function Extinction ratio /dB Insertion loss /dB Bandwidth /nm Length /μm ［ 126 ］Experimental >20.0 <2.0 270（TE） 300 90（TM） ［ 127 ］Simulated >20.0 <2.5 140（TM） 23 ［ 128 ］Simulated >15.0 <3.4 300（TE） 9 ［ 129 ］Simulated >20.0 <0.5 110（TM） 13 ［ 130 ］Experimental >20.0 <0.6 40（TM） 55 ［ 131 ］Simulated >29.4 <1.1 415（TM） 75 ［ 132 ］Simulated >25.0 <0.5 200（TE） 7.5
Table 7. Polarization beam splitters in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 7. Polarization beam splitters in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Function Extinction ratio /dB Insertion loss /dB Bandwidth /nm Length /μm ［ 133 ］Simulated 47.7（TE）
48.0（TM）
0.6（TE）
0.9（TM）
> 200（ER > 17.8 dB，TE）
> 200（ER > 22.8 dB，TM）
~430 ［ 134 ］Simulated ~21.0（TE）
~45.0（TM）
<1.0（TE & TM） 150（ER > 20 dB，TE）
250（ER > 40 dB，TM）
> 6000 ［ 135 ］Simulated 40.9（TE）
26.1（TM）
<0.3（TE & TM） > 200（ER > 10 dB，TE）
> 200（ER > 20 dB，TM）
47 ［ 136 ］Simulated ~24.0（TE）
~25.0（TM）
0.3（TE）
1.0（TM）
185（ER > 20 dB，TE）
85（ER > 20 dB，TM）
160 ［ 137 ］Simulated >35.0（TE & TM） ‒ 65（ER > 10 dB，TE&TM） ~85 ［ 138 ］Simulated 26.7（TE）
21.3（TM）
<0.05（TE & TM） 140（ER > 10 dB，TE&TM） 16 ［ 139 ］Simulated ‒ ‒ 100（ER > 29.4 dB & IL < 0.066 dB，TE）
~60（ER > 20 dB & IL < 0.16 dB，TM）
31 ［ 140 ］Simulated 25.3（TE） 0.9（TE） 40（ER > 22.5 dB & IL < 1.86 dB，TE） 157.4 23.4（TM） 1.1（TM） 40（ER > 19.5 dB & IL < 1.34 dB，TM） Experimental 25.1（TE） 2.2（TE） 25.3（TM） 2.6（TM） 40（ER > 15 dB & IL < 3.86 dB） ［ 141 ］Experimental ‒ ‒ 35（ER > 21 dB & IL < 1.1 dB，TE）
35（ER > 21 dB & IL < 1.8 dB，TM）
1450
Table 8. Polarization rotators in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 8. Polarization rotators in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Function Mode conversion type PER /dB PCE /% Insertion loss /dB Length /μm ［ 142 ］Simulated TE→TM 38.57 99.99 0.20 15.8 TM→TE 68.95 ~100.00 0.22 ［ 143 ］Simulated TM→TE 59.58 ‒ 1.44 13.7 ［ 144 ］Simulated TM→TE 19.96 99.00 ‒ 150.0 ［ 145 ］Simulated TE→TM ‒ 99.60 0.38 17.7 TM→TE 99.20 0.40
Table 9. Polarization rotating beam splitters in thin film lithium niobate platform
View tableTable 9. Polarization rotating beam splitters in thin film lithium niobate platform
Ref. Function Extinction ratio /dB Insertion loss /dB Bandwidth /nm Length /μm ［ 54 ］Experimental >17.8（TE） <0.9（TE） 40 620 >10.6（TM） <1.5（TM） ［ 146 ］Experimental >8.0 <2.0 130 >7000 ［ 147 ］Experimental 20.0 <0.7 >80 431 ［ 148 ］Experimental >19.6 <1.0 >60 440 ［ 149 ］Experimental >15.0 <0.5 >165 1240 ［ 150 ］Experimental >22.0（TE） <1.0（TE） 160 405 >11.0（TM） <2.0（TM） ［ 151 ］Experimental >20.0 <1.5 > 40 >1200 ［ 152 ］Experimental >26.6（TE） <1.0 60 440 >19.6（TM） ［ 153 ］Experimental >20.0（TE） <1.3（TE） > 126（TE） 679 >10.0（TM） <1.5（TM） > 47（TM）
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Yonghui Tian, Mingrui Yuan, Shijing Qin, Hao Li, Sixuan Wang, Huifu Xiao. Thin Film Lithium Niobate On-Chip Integration of Multi-Dimensional Multiplexed Photonic Devices (Invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(11): 1116004
Paper Information
Category: Materials
Received: Jan. 15, 2024
Accepted: Feb. 23, 2024
Published Online: Jun. 17, 2024
The Author Email: Yonghui Tian (siphoton@lzu.edu.cn)
CSTR:32186.14.LOP240525
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