Dust Density Detection Method for Photovoltaic Module Surface Based on Image Dark Channel Prior

Fangbin Wang; Hualin Mao; Xue Gong; Darong Zhu; Weisong Zhao; Ping Wang

doi:10.3788/LOP250598

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 62, Issue 16, 1624001(2025)

Dust Density Detection Method for Photovoltaic Module Surface Based on Image Dark Channel Prior

Fangbin Wang^1,2、*, Hualin Mao¹, Xue Gong^1,2, Darong Zhu^1,2, Weisong Zhao¹, and Ping Wang¹

Author Affiliations

¹School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, Anhui , China

²Key Laboratory of Construction Machinery Fault Diagnosis and Early Warning Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui , China

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Figures & Tables(29)

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of photovoltaic module structure

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Fig. 2. Transmission process of light on the dusty surface of photovoltaic module^［25］

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Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of experimental platform

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Fig. 4. Experimental platform image

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Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of changing incident angle

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Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of changing observation angle

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Fig. 7. Perspective transformation schematic diagram

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Fig. 8. Images before and after distortion correction. (a) Before distortion correction; (b) after distortion correction

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Fig. 9. Image after threshold segmentation processing

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Fig. 10. Image after mean filtering processing

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Fig. 11. Dust image segmentation result

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Fig. 12. Calculation process of transmittance image. (a) Region of interest; (b) bright channel image; (c) dark channel image; (d) transmittance image

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Fig. 13. Relationship between dust density and transmittance

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Fig. 14. Comparison of transmittance under three irradiances

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Fig. 15. Transmittance of different dust densities at different incident angles

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Fig. 16. Relationship between dust density and transmittance at different incident angles. (a) 10°; (b) 20°; (c) 30°; (d) 40°; (e) 50°; (f) 60°; (g) 70°

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Fig. 17. Transmittance of different dust densities at different observation angles

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Fig. 18. Relationship between dust density and transmittance at different observation angles. (a) 10°; (b) 20°; (c) 30°; (d) 40°; (e) 50°; (f) 60°; (g) 70°

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Fig. 19. Sample displays under partial dust densities. (a) 27.35 g/m²; (b) 44.12 g/m²; (c) 52.80 g/m²

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Fig. 20. Fitting images of transmittance under two solar altitude angles. (a) 40.83°; (b) 50.49°

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Table 1. Calculation results of transmittance and dust density

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Table 1. Calculation results of transmittance and dust density

Index	Dust density /（g/m²）
Index	8.00	10.70	18.30	24.87	37.30	49.74	62.17	74.61
Transmittance	0.9462	0.8399	0.7984	0.7230	0.6414	0.5272	0.4354	0.3610
Calculated dust density /（g/m²）	4.2605	13.4416	17.3456	24.9881	34.2143	49.3201	64.0593	78.4959
Error /%	46.7437	-25.6228	5.2154	-0.4750	8.2726	0.8441	-3.0390	-5.2083

Table 2. Transmittance corresponding to multiple dust density images under three light source irradiances

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Table 2. Transmittance corresponding to multiple dust density images under three light source irradiances

Light source irradiance /（W/m²）	Dust density /（g/m²）
Light source irradiance /（W/m²）	8.00	10.70	18.30	24.87	37.30	49.74	62.17	74.61
100	0.9543	0.8407	0.7932	0.7109	0.6207	0.5263	0.4138	0.3779
250	0.9566	0.8433	0.8015	0.7238	0.6358	0.5488	0.4353	0.3900
400	0.9462	0.8399	0.7984	0.7230	0.6414	0.5272	0.4354	0.3610

Table 3. Transmittance of different dust densities at different incident angles

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Table 3. Transmittance of different dust densities at different incident angles

Dust density /（g/m²）	Incident angle /（°）
Dust density /（g/m²）	0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70
8.00	0.8501	0.9460	0.9601	0.9507	0.9672	0.9715	0.9720	0.9714
10.70	0.7124	0.8453	0.8782	0.8596	0.8832	0.8724	0.8662	0.8598
18.30	0.6638	0.7604	0.7933	0.7738	0.7913	0.7874	0.8085	0.7779
24.87	0.5235	0.7279	0.7564	0.7360	0.7523	0.7377	0.7427	0.7398
37.30	0.5109	0.6616	0.6924	0.6664	0.6761	0.6782	0.6638	0.7064
49.74	0.4137	0.5350	0.5795	0.5771	0.5956	0.6142	0.6096	0.6935
62.17	0.3929	0.4520	0.4758	0.4793	0.5211	0.5384	0.5780	0.6699
74.61	0.3576	0.3667	0.3927	0.3984	0.4398	0.4792	0.5322	0.6040

Table 4. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different incident angles
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Table 4. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different incident angles
Index Incident angle /（°）
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
B 0.01273 0.01146 0.01179 0.01075 0.01027 0.00962 0.00783
R-square 0.9797 0.9788 0.9820 0.9829 0.9656 0.9368 0.7203
RMSE 0.02825 0.02862 0.02526 0.02357 0.03090 0.03849 0.06152

Table 5. Transmittance of different dust densities at different observation angles

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Table 5. Transmittance of different dust densities at different observation angles

Dust density /（g/m²）	Observation angle /（°）
Dust density /（g/m²）	0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70
8.00	0.8501	0.9462	0.9561	0.9591	0.9625	0.9638	0.9524	0.9309
10.70	0.7124	0.8399	0.8638	0.8669	0.8623	0.8491	0.8214	0.7378
18.30	0.6638	0.7984	0.8246	0.8229	0.8160	0.7882	0.7505	0.6667
24.87	0.5235	0.7230	0.7479	0.7505	0.7279	0.6958	0.6399	0.5684
37.30	0.5109	0.6414	0.6667	0.6714	0.6571	0.6278	0.5714	0.5078
49.74	0.4137	0.5272	0.5570	0.5673	0.5489	0.5311	0.5144	0.4724
62.17	0.3929	0.4354	0.4587	0.4699	0.4795	0.4577	0.4524	0.4368
74.61	0.3576	0.3610	0.3799	0.3973	0.4098	0.3830	0.3943	0.3874

Table 6. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different observation angles
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Table 6. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different observation angles
Index Observation angle /（°）
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
B 0.01298 0.01197 0.01163 0.01181 0.01281 0.01385 0.01615
R-square 0.9860 0.9832 0.9850 0.9857 0.9809 0.9479 0.8065
RMSE 0.02432 0.02640 0.02423 0.02329 0.02770 0.04387 0.07965

Table 7. Outdoor experimental environment

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Table 7. Outdoor experimental environment

Experiment	Experiment start time （24 h）	Solar altitude angle /（°）	Incident angle /（°）	Irradiance /（W/m²）
First group	February 28， 2025T12∶00	50.49	39.51	908
Second group	February 28， 2025T14∶30	40.83	49.17	845

Table 8. Transmittance data from outdoor experiments
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Table 8. Transmittance data from outdoor experiments
Dust density /（g/m²） Transmittance
39.51° 49.17°
20.87 0.7566 0.7480
27.35 0.7257 0.7329
35.66 0.6310 0.6225
39.74 0.6283 0.6198
44.12 0.6017 0.6001
48.61 0.5786 0.5881
52.80 0.5654 0.5577
59.77 0.5096 0.5069

Table 9. Fitting results of the transmittance under two solar altitude angles
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Table 9. Fitting results of the transmittance under two solar altitude angles
Solar altitude angle /（°） Index
B R-square RMSE
40.83 0.01169 0.9475 0.0188
50.49 0.01176 0.9233 0.0227

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Fangbin Wang, Hualin Mao, Xue Gong, Darong Zhu, Weisong Zhao, Ping Wang. Dust Density Detection Method for Photovoltaic Module Surface Based on Image Dark Channel Prior[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(16): 1624001

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Paper Information

Category: Optics at Surfaces

Received: Feb. 5, 2025

Accepted: Mar. 14, 2025

Published Online: Aug. 6, 2025

The Author Email: Fangbin Wang (wangfb@ahjzu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/LOP250598

CSTR:32186.14.LOP250598

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Calculation results of transmittance and dust density

Table 1. Calculation results of transmittance and dust density

Table 2. Transmittance corresponding to multiple dust density images under three light source irradiances

Table 2. Transmittance corresponding to multiple dust density images under three light source irradiances

Table 3. Transmittance of different dust densities at different incident angles

Table 3. Transmittance of different dust densities at different incident angles

Table 4. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different incident angles

Table 4. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different incident angles

Table 5. Transmittance of different dust densities at different observation angles

Table 5. Transmittance of different dust densities at different observation angles

Table 6. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different observation angles

Table 6. Fitting results of dust density and transmittance at different observation angles

Table 7. Outdoor experimental environment

Table 7. Outdoor experimental environment

Table 8. Transmittance data from outdoor experiments

Table 8. Transmittance data from outdoor experiments

Table 9. Fitting results of the transmittance under two solar altitude angles

Table 9. Fitting results of the transmittance under two solar altitude angles