Chinese Optics Letters, Volume. 23, Issue 7, 071201(2025)
Cross air–water interface hydroacoustic signal detection based on laser speckle imaging
Figures & Tables(7)
Fig. 1. Experimental setup of an underwater acoustic signal detection system.
Fig. 3. Typical signal extraction results. (a) 200 Hz; (b) 4 kHz; (c) 14 kHz; (d) 20 kHz.
Fig. 4. Waveforms and spectrograms of humpback whale’s audio signal. (a) Original signal; (b) PC reconstructed signal; (c) PC_PBF enhanced signal.
Table 1. Typical Recovered Signal Frequency Characteristics
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Typical Recovered Signal Frequency Characteristics
Original signal frequency (Hz) Detected average frequency (Hz) Relative error (%) SPL (dB/μPa) 200.0 200.1 0.05 173.8 500.0 500.6 0.12 165.9 1000.0 999.4 0.01 153.9 4000.0 3998.9 0.28 172.6 7000.0 6998.0 0.03 180.6 10,000.0 10,017.5 0.18 177.7 14,000.0 14,024.3 0.17 177.6 20,000.0 19,989.8 0.05 168.8
Table 2. Typical Evaluation Results for the PC Method and PC_PBF Method
a View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Typical Evaluation Results for the PC Method and PC_PBF Method
a Method Seg SNR (dB) NSEC score LLR score 1 PC −3.89 0.32 0.48 0.03 1.71 0.11 1 PC_PBF −2.28 0.13 0.52 0.02 1.51 0.06 2 PC −10.56 0.42 0.33 0.02 1.64 0.10 2 PC_PBF −7.87 0.31 0.36 0.02 1.52 0.07 3 PC −6.51 0.72 0.68 0.04 1.97 0.02 3 PC_PBF −2.37 0.32 0.71 0.03 1.91 0.02
Table 3. Performance Comparison of Various Methods
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Performance Comparison of Various Methods
Performance LDV[ 1 ]Millimeter-wave radar[ 13 ]Airborne sonar[ 14 ]This paper Frequency range Single frequency 10 kHz 100–200 Hz Single frequency 71 kHz 200 Hz–20 kHz Viewing angle 0.13 deg No data No data > 20 deg Measuring distance 1.981 m 0.3 m 0.1 m 1.9 m SPL 150 dB re µPa (experimental) No data 80 dB re µPa (theoretical) 131.5 dB re µPa (experimental) Depth of detection 2 m 0.9–3.6 m 0.13 m 0.3 m Detectable amplitude nm µm No data nm Working principle Doppler frequency shift Reflection phase variation Piezoelectric transducer Laser speckle imaging Cost Expensive Low cost Expensive Low cost
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Lize Deng, Jiajia Liang, Xueyuan Huang, Wei Guo, Xiaozhong Wang, Hongyan Fu, Zhengqian Luo, "Cross air–water interface hydroacoustic signal detection based on laser speckle imaging," Chin. Opt. Lett. 23, 071201 (2025)
Paper Information
Category: Instrumentation, Measurement, and Optical Sensing
Received: Nov. 20, 2024
Accepted: Feb. 17, 2025
Published Online: Jun. 10, 2025
The Author Email: Xiaozhong Wang (wangxz@xmu.edu.cn)
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