Fig. 1. Characterization of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,xEu³⁺ PLNP. (a) XRD patterns of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,xEu³⁺ (x=0-2%) PLNP; (b) refinement XRD patterns of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP; (c) (d) TEM images of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP

Fig. 2. BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP. (a) EDS spectrum; (b)-(h) EDS element distribution

Fig. 3. XPS spectra of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP. (a) XPS survey spectrum; (b) O 1s; (c) Bi 5d and Ga 3d; (d) Bi 4f; (e) Fe 2p_1/2; (f) Ga 2p and Eu 3d

Fig. 4. BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,xEu³⁺(x=0-2%) PLNP. (a) Emission spectra; (b) excitation spectra and emission spectra of BGO∶1%Eu³⁺

Fig. 5. Energy transfer mechanism and thermoluminescence pattern. (a) Diagram of between Fe³⁺ and Eu³⁺ energy transfer mechanism; (b) two-dimensional thermoluminescence curve of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP

Fig. 6. CIE color coordinates. (a) BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺ PLNP; (b) BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP

Fig. 7. Afterglow decay curves and imaging results. (a) Persistent luminescence curves of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,xEu³⁺ (x=0-2%) PLNP; (b) persistent luminescence images after UV irradiation for 10 min of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺ and BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP

Fig. 8. Spectra of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP at different calcination temperatures. (a) Emission spectra; (b) XRD patterns

Fig. 9. Persistent luminescence curves of BGO∶1.5%Fe³⁺,1%Eu³⁺ PLNP at different calcination temperatures