Fig. 1. PUP lens design based on the detour phase method. (a) Schematic illustration of the detour phase modulation rule for arbitrary wavefront shaping. (b) Focusing from the constructive interference of wavelets by the PUP lens. (c) Peak intensity of the focus with respect to structure periods and slit widths.

Fig. 2. Direct laser writing of PUP lenses on perovskite films. (a) Schematic illustration of the femtosecond laser fabrication process of PUP lenses. (b) Theoretically calculated lens profile with concentric rings. Scale bar: 10 μm. (c) Fabricated PUP lens imaged by a wide-field optical microscope. Scale bar: 10 μm. (d) Fluorescence image of the fabricated PUP lens. Scale bar: 10 μm. (e) AFM image of a region of the fabricated PUP lens and the corresponding height profile along the white dashed line. Scale bar: 4 μm.

Fig. 3. Calculated and measured focus fields. (a) Calculated lateral (left) and axial (right) focusing intensity distributions of the designed PUP lens. (b) Measured lateral (left) and axial (right) focusing intensity distributions of the fabricated PUP lens. (c) The calculated (red) and measured (blue) cross-sectional intensity distributions (normalized) of the focal spot along the lateral direction (left) and axial direction (right). (d) Measured 3D focusing intensity distribution near the focal spot. (e) Experimental setup to characterize the focusing intensity distributions of the PUP lenses.

Fig. 4. Focusing characterization with PUP lenses fabricated under different laser power. (a) In-plane images at focal plane with different laser power. All intensity values are normalized to the respective peak intensity. Scale bar: 2 μm. (b) Calculated (red) and measured (blue) peak intensity of the focal spot with lenses fabricated under different laser power. (c) Ablated linewidth of the concentric rings with lenses fabricated under different laser power. (d) FWHM of the focal spot along the lateral (blue) and axial (red) directions with lenses fabricated under different laser power. All error bars were created by the standard deviations of datapoints under three measurements.

Fig. 5. Imaging using a PUP lens. (a) Direct imaging of the characters from a 1951 USAF resolution test target using the homemade optical microscopy imaging system. Scale bar: 20 μm. (b) Imaging of the characters from the 1951 USAF resolution test target using a PUP lens. Scale bar: 5 μm. (c) and (d) Imaging of the characters and lines from the 1951 USAF resolution test target using a perovskite planar lens with the addition of PMMA. Scale bar: 5 μm.

Fig. 6. Characteristics of the perovskite nanocrystal film. (a) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the perovskite nanocrystals. The nanocrystal sizes were calculated manually using "Nano Measurer" software (Nano Measurer 1.2, https://nano-measurer.software.informer.com/). Scalar bar: 100 nm. (b) Raman spectrum of the perovskite nanocrystal film. (c) Fluorescence spectrum of the perovskite nanocrystal film. (d) Transmittance spectrum of the perovskite nanocrystal film.

Fig. 7. AFM images and corresponding height profiles of the PUP lenses fabricated with laser power ranging from 10 mW to 35 mW.

Fig. 8. Imaging of the 1951 USAF resolution test target using the homemade microscope imaging system. Scale bar: 200 μm.

Fig. 9. Element distribution measurement of the laser scribed perovskite nanocrystal film. (a) Femtosecond laser scribed region imaged by SEM. (b) In-situ element distribution measurement on the same region as (a). Scale bar: 5 μm.