Fig. 1. Geodetic coordinate system

Fig. 2. Diagram of geographic coordinate system and aerial carrier coordinate system

Fig. 3. Camera coordinate system

Fig. 4. Target in aircraft flight measurement

Fig. 5. Flow chart of Kalman filter

Fig. 6. Convergence curve of geo-location error

Fig. 7. Influence of initial random error of target height on geo-location

Fig. 8. Influences of flight height and off-nadir looking angle on geo-location. (a) Geo-location error curves under different flight heights when the off-nadir looking is 45°; (b) geo-location error curves under different off-nadir looking angles when aircraft flies at a geodetic height of 10 km

Fig. 9. Influences of flight height and off-nadir angle on geo-location. (a) Geo-location error curves under different flight heights when the off-nadir angle is changed from 15° to 75°; (b) geo-location error curves under different off-nadir angles when the flight height is changed from 5500 m to 14500 m

Fig. 10. Comparison of CEP for two algorithms by simulation. (a) Simulated data obtained by Earth ellipsoid model; (b) simulated data obtained by proposed method

Fig. 11. Schematic of flight path planning of aerial carrier

Fig. 12. Eight aerial remote sensing images of same target at different points

Fig. 13. Results of geo-location in flight test. (a) T₁ point; (b) T₂ point