Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 51, Issue 1, 0101006(2024)
Status of Research on Colloidal Quantum Dot Lasers and Their Prospects (Invited)
Figures & Tables(14)
Fig. 1. Partial landmark works of colloidal quantum dots in various fields such as continuous-wave pumping, electrical pumping, solution-based lasers, and environmentally friendly lasers, and the potential application prospects
Fig. 2. Partial research findings of colloidal quantum dot continuous-wave lasers. (a) Optical gain for biexcitons (left) and single-exciton (right)[30]; (b) four types of core-shell structures, namely type I, inverted type I, type II, and quasi-type II; (c) pumping thresholds for colloidal quantum dots with different core-shell structures[32]; (d) laser threshold and full width at half maximum (FWHM, inset) at the laser emission peak under 800 nm optical pumping excitation[35]
Fig. 4. Partial research findings of colloidal quantum dot continuous-wave lasers. (a) Laser emission spectra of red and blue quantum dot embedded PAN films on DFB cavities[39]; (b) threshold values of red and blue quantum dot lasers[39]; (c) schematic diagram of a continuous-wave colloidal quantum dot laser[40]; (d) laser threshold values of the continuous-wave colloidal quantum dot laser[40]
Fig. 5. Partial research findings of solution-processed colloidal quantum dot lasers. (a) Device emission from microfluidic lasers at different pumping intensities, with laser output intensity linearly correlated to pump intensity[46]; (b) variation of device output intensity and linewidth values with pumping intensity[46]; (c) amplified spontaneous emission stability testing in solution and thin films, along with emission spectra at different time intervals (inset)[47]; (d) variation of emission intensity of high-concentration CsPbBr3 solution with pumping intensity and appearance of amplified spontaneous emission spots above the threshold (105 μJ/cm2) (inset)[47]
Fig. 6. Partial research findings of solution-processed colloidal quantum dot lasers[48]. (a) Excitation design of solution-based nanocrystals; (b) schematic diagram of the laser design, where an optical fiber with a radius of 80 μm and a length of 30 mm is inserted into the microchannel to provide feedback from whispering gallery modes; (c) gain spectra and linear absorption relationship of DSA nanocrystals at different carrier densities; (d) laser spectra of microfluidic lasers at different pumping intensities and corresponding image under excitation (inset)
Fig. 7. Partial research findings of environmentally friendly colloidal quantum dot lasers. (a) Threshold of amplified spontaneous emission in CsPbBr3 nanocrystal films[49]; (b) appearance of multimode lasing and the relationship between emission intensity and pumping intensity in CsPbBr3 vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers[51]; (c) fabrication process of CsPbBr3 colloidal quantum dot-coated foam nickel[52]; (d) spot-free imaging experimental results of the fabricated foam nickel quantum dot laser[52]; (e) pump emission spectra demonstrating the transition from spontaneous emission to laser emission, as well as optical (top inset) and fluorescence (bottom inset) images of quantum dots above the laser threshold[57]
Fig. 8. Partial research findings of environmentally friendly colloidal quantum dot lasers. (a) Schematic illustrations of the synthesis of ZnTeSe (core), ZnTeSe/ZnSe (C/S) and ZnTeSe/ZnSe/ZnS (C/S/S) colloidal quantum dots, with corresponding TEM images[63]; (b) pseudocolored transient absorption spectrum of the furnace-cooled sample[65]; (c) normalized PL intensities of CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS and ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS under different cooling rates[65]; (d) nonlinear absorption spectra at different carrier densities for x=2% in a 2 ps timeframe, along with transient absorption spectra showing the transition from absorption to net gain (inset)[20]; (e) transient absorption spectra of ZnSe1-xTex quantum dots as x varies from 10% to 80%[20]
Fig. 9. Representative methods for electron beam lithography of small-area LEDs. (a) Structure of electroluminescent devices[66]; (b) focusing structure of perovskite light-emitting diodes[67]; (c) current density-voltage curves of ITO/α-NPD/Alq3/MgAg/Ag on glass (left), sapphire (middle), and silicon (right) substrates[68]
Fig. 10. Partial research findings of electrically pumped devices[71]. (a) Electronic structure of giant core-shell colloidal quantum dots based on an ideal composition distribution, where r represents the radial coordinate; (b) simplified band diagram of the device structure; (c) p-i-n structure utilized for electrically driven optical gain in colloidal quantum dots; (d) schematic diagram of current-modulated transmission spectra experiment; (e) absorption changes of the device at different current densities; (f) computationally processed excited-state absorption spectra
Fig. 11. Partial research findings of electrically pumped devices[72]. (a) Implementation of high current density in light-emitting diode device stack; (b) current density-voltage curves under three different modes: planar current, direct current focusing, and pulse current focusing; (c) temperate-rise versus current density under three different modes: planar current, direct current focusing, and pulse current focusing; (d) variation of electroluminescence intensity with current density in current-focusing light-emitting diodes containing 1‒4 quantum dot layers in the 1P and 1S spectral regions
Fig. 12. Partial research findings of electrically pumped devices[73]. (a) Implementation of Bragg reflector waveguide device stack for amplified spontaneous emission; (b) pump intensity-dependent photoluminescence spectra of quantum dot thin films on glass substrate under optical pumping; (c) polarization characteristics of edge-emitting light from Bragg reflector waveguide devices under electrical pumping (650 A/cm2); (d) polarization characteristics of edge-emitting light from Bragg reflector waveguide devices under optical pumping (110 fs and 3.6 eV pulse, and optical pumping power Wp=85 μJ/cm2); (e) electroluminescence edge-emission spectra; (f) electroluminescence surface-emission spectra
Table 1. Research progress on selected emerging colloidal quantum dot laser in the past ten years
View tableTable 1. Research progress on selected emerging colloidal quantum dot laser in the past ten years
Material Pump type Threshold Wavelength /nm Year Author and Ref. CdSe/Zn0.5Cd0.5S Optical pumping（400 nm，100 fs） 60 μJ/cm2 ~625 2012 Dang，et al.［ 34 ］CdZnS/ZnS Optical pumping（395 nm，5 ns） 25.2 mJ/cm2 ~597‒603 2015 Wang，et al.［ 32 ］CdSe/CdS/ZnS Optical pumping（442 nm，3 W） 50 kW/cm2 ~643 2015 Sargen，et al.［ 27 ］CdSe/CdS Optical pumping（400/800 nm，
100 fs，1 kHz）
0.028 mJ/cm2
1.03 mJ/cm2
642，644 2017 Zhang，et al.［ 35 ］CdSe/CdS Continuous optical pumping
（441 nm）
6.4~8.4 kW/cm2 ~640 2017 Fan，et al.［ 40 ］CdSe/ZnS Continuous optical pumping
（532 nm）
500 kW/cm2 ~635 2017 Chien，et al.［ 38 ］CdSe/CdS
@CdxZn1-xS
Optical pumping（400 nm，
120 fs，1 kHz）
68.4 µJ/cm² ~645 2021 Maskoun，et al.［ 46 ］CdSe/CdxZn1－xSe/ZnSe0.5S0.5 Optical pumping（343 nm，
190 fs，200 kHz）
~635 2022 Klimov，et al.［ 72 ］CdSe/
CdxZn1－xSe/ZnSe0.5S0.5/ZnS
Electric pulse excitation
（343 nm，1 μs，1 kHz）
28.7 A/cm2 ~640 2023 Klimov，et al.［ 73 ］
Table 2. Recent research progress in selected emerging colloidal quantum dot laser studies in the past five years
View tableTable 2. Recent research progress in selected emerging colloidal quantum dot laser studies in the past five years
Material Pump type Threshold Wavelength /nm Year Author and Ref. CsPbX3 Optical pumping（400 nm，5 ns，20 Hz） 9 µJ/cm2 ~504 2017 Wang，et al.［ 51 ］HgTe Continuous optical pumping（447 nm） 40 mW/cm2 ~1280 2018 Geiregat，et al.［ 37 ］MAPbBr3 Continuous optical pumping（405 nm） 15 W/cm2 ~538 2019 Wang，et al.［ 39 ］CsPbBr3 Optical pumping（400 nm，
100 fs，1 kHz）
105 μJ/cm2 ~526 2019 Tan，et al.［ 47 ］CsPbBr3 Optical pumping（800 nm，50 fs，1 kHz） 190 μJ/cm2 ~537 2021 Gao，et al.［ 52 ］CsPbBr3 Optical pumping（400 nm） 22.7 μJ/cm2 ~525 2023 Wu，et al.［ 48 ］ZnSe1-xTex Optical pumping（400 nm） =0.47 435‒470 2023 Huang，et al.［ 20 ］
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Yue Wang, Mofan Si, Hao Zhang. Status of Research on Colloidal Quantum Dot Lasers and Their Prospects (Invited)[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(1): 0101006
Paper Information
Category: laser devices and laser physics
Received: Dec. 4, 2023
Accepted: Jan. 3, 2024
Published Online: Jan. 24, 2024
The Author Email: Wang Yue (ywang@njust.edu.cn)
CSTR:32183.14.CJL231474
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