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Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 48, Issue 22, 2202020(2021)

Effect of Defocus Distance on Formability of CX Maraging Stainless Steel by Selective Laser Melting

Liangliang Zhang1, Minjie Wang1、*, Jiaqi Zhang1, Jianye Liu2, Liuhui Niu2, and Jinhai Wang2
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
  • 2Guangdong Hanbang 3D Tech Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong 528427, China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (32)
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    References (26)
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    Figures & Tables(32)
    SEM morphology of CX stainless steel powder. (a) Low magnification 250×; (b) high magnification 1000×

    Fig. 1. SEM morphology of CX stainless steel powder. (a) Low magnification 250×; (b) high magnification 1000×

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    Schematic of scanning strategy

    Fig. 2. Schematic of scanning strategy

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    Schematic of defocus distance

    Fig. 3. Schematic of defocus distance

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    SLM process window of CX stainless steel

    Fig. 4. SLM process window of CX stainless steel

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    Results of single weld channel test

    Fig. 5. Results of single weld channel test

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    Optical micrographs of single weld channel section in stable melting zone Ⅱ. (a) P=200 W,V=1000 mm/s;(b) P=250 W,V=1100 mm/s;(c) P=350 W,V=1300 mm/s;(d) P=400 W,V=1400 mm/s;(e) P=300 W, V=1200 mm/s;(f) P=300 W,V=1100 mm/s;(g) P=300 W,V=1000 mm/s

    Fig. 6. Optical micrographs of single weld channel section in stable melting zone Ⅱ. (a) P=200 W,V=1000 mm/s;(b) P=250 W,V=1100 mm/s;(c) P=350 W,V=1300 mm/s;(d) P=400 W,V=1400 mm/s;(e) P=300 W, V=1200 mm/s;(f) P=300 W,V=1100 mm/s;(g) P=300 W,V=1000 mm/s

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    Optical micrographs of single weld channel section in severe melting zone Ⅰ and incomplete melting zone Ⅲ. (a) P=300 W,V=900 mm/s;(b) P=350 W,V=1000 mm/s;(c) P=400 W,V=1000 mm/s;(d) P=200 W,V=1400 mm/s;(e) P=300 W,V=1500 mm/s;(f) P=400 W,V=1600 mm/s

    Fig. 7. Optical micrographs of single weld channel section in severe melting zone Ⅰ and incomplete melting zone Ⅲ. (a) P=300 W,V=900 mm/s;(b) P=350 W,V=1000 mm/s;(c) P=400 W,V=1000 mm/s;(d) P=200 W,V=1400 mm/s;(e) P=300 W,V=1500 mm/s;(f) P=400 W,V=1600 mm/s

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    Density of samples under different defocus distances

    Fig. 8. Density of samples under different defocus distances

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    Hardness of samples under different defocus distances

    Fig. 9. Hardness of samples under different defocus distances

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    Optical micrographs of sample cross section under different defocus distances.(a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm; (c) 2.5 mm;(d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

    Fig. 10. Optical micrographs of sample cross section under different defocus distances.(a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm; (c) 2.5 mm;(d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

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    Optical micrographs of sample longitudinal section under different defocus distances.(a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm; (c) 2.5 mm;(d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

    Fig. 11. Optical micrographs of sample longitudinal section under different defocus distances.(a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm; (c) 2.5 mm;(d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

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    Surface roughness of samples under different defocus distances

    Fig. 12. Surface roughness of samples under different defocus distances

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    SEM morphology of the sample surface under different defocus distances.(a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm; (d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

    Fig. 13. SEM morphology of the sample surface under different defocus distances.(a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm; (d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

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    Metallographic corrosion morphology of sample cross sections under different defocus distances. (a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm;(d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

    Fig. 14. Metallographic corrosion morphology of sample cross sections under different defocus distances. (a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm;(d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

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    Metallographic corrosion morphology of sample longitudinal sections under different defocus distances. (a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm; (d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

    Fig. 15. Metallographic corrosion morphology of sample longitudinal sections under different defocus distances. (a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm; (d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

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    XRD spectra of samples under different defocus distances. (a) Diffraction angle 40°--90°; (b) diffraction angle 43.5°--45°

    Fig. 16. XRD spectra of samples under different defocus distances. (a) Diffraction angle 40°--90°; (b) diffraction angle 43.5°--45°

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    Stress-strain curve in tensile test

    Fig. 17. Stress-strain curve in tensile test

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    SEM morphology of tensile fracture under different defocus distances. (a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm; (d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

    Fig. 18. SEM morphology of tensile fracture under different defocus distances. (a) 0;(b) 1.5 mm;(c) 2.5 mm; (d) 3.5 mm;(e) 4.5 mm

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    XRD spectra of samples after heat treatment

    Fig. 19. XRD spectra of samples after heat treatment

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    Metallographic morphology after heat treatment.(a)Solution;(b)aging;(c)solution aging

    Fig. 20. Metallographic morphology after heat treatment.(a)Solution;(b)aging;(c)solution aging

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    SEM morphology after heat treatment.(a)Solution;(b)aging;(c)solution aging

    Fig. 21. SEM morphology after heat treatment.(a)Solution;(b)aging;(c)solution aging

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    Result of the EDS analysis at marking position P1

    Fig. 22. Result of the EDS analysis at marking position P1

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    Cross-section hardness after heat treatment

    Fig. 23. Cross-section hardness after heat treatment

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    Longitudinal-section hardness after heat treatment

    Fig. 24. Longitudinal-section hardness after heat treatment

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    Stress-strain curve in intensile test

    Fig. 25. Stress-strain curve in intensile test

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    SEM morphology of tensile fracture.(a)Solution;(b)aging;(c)solution aging

    Fig. 26. SEM morphology of tensile fracture.(a)Solution;(b)aging;(c)solution aging

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    High-magnification SEM morphology of tensile fracture.(a) Solution;(b) aging;(c) solution aging

    Fig. 27. High-magnification SEM morphology of tensile fracture.(a) Solution;(b) aging;(c) solution aging

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    • Table 1. Chemical composition of CX stainless steel

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      Table 1. Chemical composition of CX stainless steel

      ElementCrNiMoAlMnSiCFe
      Mass fraction /%11.619.271.421.870.0660.0480.007Bal.

    • Table 2. Spot diameter and energy density

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      Table 2. Spot diameter and energy density

      f /mmω /μmPd /(kW·mm-2)ωa /μmSpot diameter deviation /%
      08059.6875.29-5.89
      1.583.9854.1386.763.31
      2.590.6246.5194.414.18
      3.599.7638.38102.062.31
      4.5110.7831.12109.71-0.97

    • Table 3. Single weld channel and molten pool size in stable melting zone Ⅱ

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      Table 3. Single weld channel and molten pool size in stable melting zone Ⅱ

      P,VLinear energy density E /(J·m-1)L/μmW/μmH/μmD/μm
      200 W, 1000 mm/s20087.55107.9057.1549.85
      250 W, 1100 mm/s22794.67124.6265.1565.47
      350 W, 1300 mm/s269109.12152.4877.38126.48
      400 W, 1400 mm/s286115.94156.2482.14144.04
      300 W, 1200 mm/s25098.43140.6193.2690.77
      300 W, 1100 mm/s273105.37147.7376.91121.01
      300 W, 1000 mm/s300118.65159.4271.32146.35

    • Table 4. Tensile test results under different defocus distances

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      Table 4. Tensile test results under different defocus distances

      Defocus distance /mmTensile strength /MPaYield strength /MPaElongation /%
      01128±9918±1512.24±0.36
      1.51141±5932±913.52±0.24
      2.51184±7993±617.13±0.28
      3.51218±51046±818.28±0.33
      4.51174±13954±516.48±0.45

    • Table 5. Tensile test results after heat treatment

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      Table 5. Tensile test results after heat treatment

      Heat treatmentTensile strength /MPaYield strength /MPaElongation /%
      Solution1102±8704±118.72±0.38
      Aging1678±31401±1512.04±0.52
      Solution aging1746±101489±276.36±0.79
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    Liangliang Zhang, Minjie Wang, Jiaqi Zhang, Jianye Liu, Liuhui Niu, Jinhai Wang. Effect of Defocus Distance on Formability of CX Maraging Stainless Steel by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2021, 48(22): 2202020

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    Paper Information

    Category: laser manufacturing

    Received: Apr. 30, 2021

    Accepted: Jun. 18, 2021

    Published Online: Jan. 4, 2022

    The Author Email: Wang Minjie (jwang@dlut.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/CJL202148.2202020

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology