[1] Sladen A, Rivet D, Ampuero J P et al. Distributed sensing of earthquakes and ocean-solid earth interactions on seafloor telecom cables[J]. Nature Communications, 10, 5777(2019).

[2] Hopkins H H, Kapany N S. A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning[J]. Nature, 173, 39-41(1954).

[3] Li H, Fan C Z, Xiao X P et al. Research progress in scattering enhanced microstructured fiber and its distributed sensing technology[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 44, 0106008(2024).

[4] Luo M M, Wang C Y, Liu J F. Advances in characterization for optical waveguide properties based on OFDR[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 51, 1801013(2024).

[5] Shuai L W, Zhang L X, Ye L et al. Real-time OFDR processing technology based on low error parallel computing acceleration[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 51, 1406006(2024).

[6] Liu D M, He T, Xu Z J et al. New type of microstructure-fiber distributed acoustic sensing technology and its applications[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 38, 296-309(2020).

[7] Kao K C, Hockham G A. Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 113, 1151-1158(1966).

[8] Lee B. Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 9, 57-79(2003).

[9] Schenato L, Galtarossa A, Pasuto A et al. Distributed optical fiber pressure sensors[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 58, 102239(2020).

[10] Ashry I, Mao Y, Wang B W et al. A review of distributed fiber-optic sensing in the oil and gas industry[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 40, 1407-1431(2022).

[11] Lv Y J, Li H, Ai K et al. Ultra-high resolution ϕ-OFDR strain sensor based on BEOF and PMC-OPC scheme[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 43, 2363-2370(2025).

[12] Froggatt M, Moore J. High-spatial-resolution distributed strain measurement in optical fiber with Rayleigh scatter[J]. Applied Optics, 37, 1735-1740(1998).

[13] Chen W, Ma X H, Ma Q L et al. Denoising method of the Φ‍-OTDR system based on EMD-PCC[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21, 12113-12118(2021).

[14] Zhang J T, Su L W, Liu C et al. High spatial resolution OFDR based on in-current modulation of DFB laser[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 2314001(2023).

[15] Dai J P, Qiu J B, Liu H R et al. High spatial resolution TGD-OFDR based on internally modulated DFB laser[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 0728001(2023).

[16] Liu K J, Yin G L, Zhang Z H et al. Sub-millimeter resolution and high-precision φ-OFDR using a complex-domain denoising method[J]. Optics Letters, 49, 29-32(2024).

[17] Lv Y J, Xiao X P, Li H et al. Strain measurement with adaptive local feature extraction method based on special fiber OFDR system[J]. Optics Express, 32, 5043-5055(2024).

[18] Lou Y Y, Yin G L, Liu K J et al. High spatial resolution optical frequency-domain reflectometry using Wiener deconvolution[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 43, 3275-3281(2025).

[19] Zhao S Y, Cui J W, Wu Z J et al. Accuracy improvement in OFDR-based distributed sensing system by image processing[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 124, 105824(2020).

[20] Yang J, Lin C F, Zou C et al. Advances in high-performance optical frequency domain distributed fiber optical measuring and sensing technology[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 44, 0106002(2024).

[21] Zhang X P, Zhang Y X, Wang L et al. Current status and future of research and applications for distributed fiber optic sensing technology[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 44, 0106001(2024).

[22] Qu S, Qin Z G, Xu Y P et al. Improvement of strain measurement range via image processing methods in OFDR system[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 39, 6340-6347(2021).

[23] Li P F, Fu C L, Du B et al. High-spatial-resolution strain sensor based on distance compensation and image wavelet denoising method in OFDR[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 39, 6334-6339(2021).

[24] Li S, Xu Y P, Liu Z J et al. High spatial resolution OFDR system based on independent component analysis algorithm for long-range distributed strain measurement[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 42, 1716-1724(2024).

[25] Pan M, Hua P D, Ding Z Y et al. Long distance distributed strain sensing in OFDR by BM3D-SAPCA image denoising[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 40, 7952-7960(2022).

[26] Wang Q R, Zhao K H, Badar M et al. Improving OFDR distributed fiber sensing by fibers with enhanced Rayleigh backscattering and image processing[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22, 18471-18478(2022).

[27] Li S, Xu Y P, Liu Z J et al. High spatial resolution implementation method for OFDR system based on convolution neural network[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 23, 30481-30489(2023).

[28] Qu S, Zhang Q H, Bai S et al. High spatial resolution and wide strain measurement of optical frequency domain reflectometry based on correlation spectrum self-compensation method[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 43, 5352-5357(2025).

[29] Zhao S Y, Cui J W, Wu Z J et al. Distributed fiber deformation measurement by high-accuracy phase detection in OFDR scheme[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 39, 4101-4108(2021).

[30] Feng K P, Cui J W, Jiang D et al. Improvement of the strain measurable range of an OFDR based on local similar characteristics of a Rayleigh scattering spectrum[J]. Optics Letters, 43, 3293-3296(2018).

[31] Ding Z Y, Wang C H, Liu K et al. Distributed optical fiber sensors based on optical frequency domain reflectometry: a review[J]. Sensors, 18, 1072(2018).

[32] Zhao S Y, Cui J W, Suo L J et al. Performance investigation of OFDR sensing system with a wide strain measurement range[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 37, 3721-3727(2019).

[33] Qu S, Qin Z G, Xu Y P et al. High spatial resolution investigation of OFDR based on image denoising methods[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21, 18871-18876(2021).