Fig. 1. Traditional ptychographic imaging technology^[12]. (a) System schematic diagram; (b) forward imaging model; (c) iterative phase recovery process

Fig. 2. The number of ptychography-related publications and citations from 2004 to 2023

Fig. 3. Fourier ptychographic microscopy^[45]. (a) System schematic diagram; (b) system device; (c)(d) raw images,recovered color images, and recovered phase images of blood smear slide and stained tissue slice

Fig. 4. System schematic diagram of coded ptychography

Fig. 5. Imaging model and reconstruction process of coded ptychography^[12]. (a) The forward imaging model of coded ptychography; (b) the iterative phase retrieval process

Fig. 6. Schematic diagrams of different coded ptychographic systems^[12]. (a) Wavelength-multiplexed coded ptychography; (b) parallel coded ptychography; (c) temporal-similarity constraint coded ptychography; (d) optofluidic coded ptychography; (e) ptychographic whole slide scanner; (f) rotational coded ptychography; (g) synthetic aperture coded ptychography; (h) depth-multiplexed coded ptychography

Fig. 7. Hardware platforms for different coded ptychographic implementations^{[44, 74-77, 79]}. (a) Parallel coded ptychography ;(b) integrated ptychographic sensor for large-scale lensless microbial monitoring with high spatiotemporal resolution; (c) optofluidic ptychography with a microfluidic chip for sample delivery; (d) color-multiplexed ptychographic whole slide scanner; (e) rotational coded ptychography; (f) depth-multiplexed coded ptychography

Fig. 8. Resolution performance using different coded layers^{[74, 76]}. (a1) Thick coded layer coated with microbeads; (b1) single-layer thin coded layer coated with microbeads; (c1) the recovered transmission profile of the monolayer fish blood cells; (d1) the recovered transmission profile of the monolayer goat blood cells; (a2)‒(d2) the recovered images of the resolution target corresponding to different coded layers

Fig. 9. Digital refocusing of coded ptychographic imaging^[76]. (a) Large field of view imaging results based on digital refocusing; (b) focus map corresponding to Fig. 9 (a); (c1) (c2) the recovered intensity of the object exit waves of different regions; (d1) (d2) the refocused intensity images of different regions; (e1) (e2) the refocused phase images of different regions

Fig. 10. Slow-varying phase imaging^{[44, 74]}. (a1)‒(c1) Object images corresponding to optical prism, biconvex lens, and bacterial colonies; (a2)‒(c2) the captured raw images of Figs. 10（a1）-(c1);(a3)‒(c3) the recovered wrapped phase images of Figs. 10（a1）-(c1); (a4)‒(c4) the recovered unwrapped phase images of Figs. 10（a1）-(c1)

Fig. 11. Label-free and quantitative phase imaging of the large-scale cell cluster^{[72, 76]}. (a) Quantitative phase imaging results of unstained thyroid smears; (b) quantitative phase imaging results of U87MG cells

Fig. 12. Whole slide imaging and digital pathology related applications^{[44, 76]}. (a1) (b1) The focus maps for WSI; (a2) (b2) the virtually stained whole slide images; (a3) (b3) the ground-truth images captured by a 40×, 0.95 NA lens; (a4) (b4) the difference maps; (c1) (c2) the recovered intensity and phase images of a slide labelled with the Ki-67 markers; (d) the segmentation results using the deep neural network; (e1) (e2) zoomed-in views of the highlighted regions in (c2) and (d); (f) the measurement of dry mass and cell area for the Ki-67 positive and negative cells; (g) the histogram analysis of the cell eccentricity, cell area, dry mass, and average phase

Fig. 13. High-throughput cytometric analysis of blood cells and urine sediments^[77]. (a1) Recovered whole slide phase image of a blood smear via the rotational coded ptychographic platform, inset shows the locations of WBCs and parasites based on the automatic segmentation and tracking process; (a2) recovered phase of the small region in Fig. 13(a1); (a3) scatter plot of WBCs and parasites based on cell area and average phase; (b1) recovered whole slide phase image of a urine sediment sample via the rotational coded ptychographic platform; (b2) recovered phase images of different elements in the urine sediment slides

Fig. 14. Time-lapse monitoring of bacterial and cell growth^{[74, 79]}. (a) Recovered phase images of E.coli bacterial cells at different time points; (b) quantitative phase analysis results of bacterial colonies; (c1) recovered phase images of 15 bacterial colonies over a centimeter-scale area; (c2) monitoring of bacterial growth process under different antibiotic concentrations; (c3) the variation curve of bacterial dry mass over time; (d) time-lapse monitoring of the HEK 293FT cells via the depth-multiplexed coded ptychographic platform