Direct laser-written aperiodic photonic volume elements for complex light shaping with high efficiency: inverse design and fabrication

Nicolas Barré; Ravi Shivaraman; Simon Moser; Patrick Salter; Michael Schmidt; Martin J. Booth; Alexander Jesacher

doi:10.1117/1.APN.2.3.036006

Advanced Photonics Nexus, Volume. 2, Issue 3, 036006(2023)

Direct laser-written aperiodic photonic volume elements for complex light shaping with high efficiency: inverse design and fabrication

Nicolas Barré^1,2,3, Ravi Shivaraman⁴, Simon Moser¹, Patrick Salter⁴, Michael Schmidt^2,3, Martin J. Booth^3,4, and Alexander Jesacher^1,3、*

Author Affiliations

¹Medical University of Innsbruck, Institute of Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck, Austria

²Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Photonic Technologies, Erlangen, Germany

³Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Erlangen, Germany

⁴University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford, United Kingdom

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Figures & Tables(13)

Fig. 1. Light manipulation with an APVE. (a) Sketch of a laser-processed glass substrate containing many voxels of modified RI. (b) Tomographically measured RI cross section of a single voxel. (c) Wide-field image taken from a fabricated device.

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Fig. 2. Results from a smiley generator. (a) Designed output intensity; (b) simulated readout; (c) experimental result. The total light efficiency $η_{tot}$ of the experimental result is about 80%. The scale bar measures $20 μ m$ .

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Fig. 3. Wavelength multiplexing. Different parts of the smiley appear, depending on the readout wavelength. (a) Target intensity patterns used for the APVE design. (b) Results from a simulated readout. (c) Experimental readouts.

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Fig. 4. Power conversion efficiencies of the multicolor APVE. The solid curves indicate the measured percentage of the output power transformed into the features mouth, eyes, and head, depending on the readout wavelength. The dashed lines correspond to simulated readouts.

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Fig. 5. Principle of mode-division multiplexing with our mode sorter. Multiple signals are delivered via single-mode fibers, arranged in a triangle. A lens gives each input beam a specific AOI. The APVE transforms each input beam into one of six different HG modes.

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Fig. 6. Simulated results from the mode sorter. The images show intensities (top row) and phases when reading out the APVE with a Gaussian beam ( $w_{0} = 25 μ m$ , $λ_{0} = 640 nm$ ) at six different AOIs. Each angle produces a different HG mode at the output. The saturation of the phase images is weighted by the intensity for enhanced clarity.

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Fig. 7. Experimental results from the mode sorter. The images show intensities (top row) and phases when reading out the APVE with a Gaussian beam ( $w_{0} = 25 μ m$ , $λ_{0} = 640 nm$ ) at six different incidence angles.

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Fig. 8. Evolution of the transmission $T$ and the maximum crosstalk in function of the restricted NA.

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Table 1. (a) Simulated and (b) experimentally obtained conversion efficiencies η. For each wavelength, the numbers state the respective percentage of the output power forming head, eyes, and mouth.
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Table 1. (a) Simulated and (b) experimentally obtained conversion efficiencies η. For each wavelength, the numbers state the respective percentage of the output power forming head, eyes, and mouth.
$λ_{0} / nm$ Head Eyes Mouth
(a)
640 77 2 1
543 8 60 7
455 3 7 64
(b)
640 65 7 6
543 5 50 6
455 1 4 49

Table 2. Simulated and experimentally measured transmission factors T for the color smiley APVE. The values are in percentages.
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Table 2. Simulated and experimentally measured transmission factors T for the color smiley APVE. The values are in percentages.
640 nm (head) 543 nm (eyes) 455 nm (mouth)
$T$ (sim) 83 82 87
$T$ (exp) 84 82 66

Table 3. Simulated efficiency values ηi,j in percent. For each input angle, the numbers state the respective power fractions of the transmitted output light that is shaped into the corresponding HG modes.
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Table 3. Simulated efficiency values ηi,j in percent. For each input angle, the numbers state the respective power fractions of the transmitted output light that is shaped into the corresponding HG modes.
Input angle no. ${HG}_{00}$ ${HG}_{10}$ ${HG}_{20}$ ${HG}_{01}$ ${HG}_{11}$ ${HG}_{02}$
1 90.6 0.9 0.6 2.0 0.1 0.3
2 0.2 89.1 0.9 0.3 3.4 0.1
3 0.9 0.5 90.2 0.4 0.2 0.1
4 0.9 1.1 0.2 87.2 0.1 0.4
5 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.2 93.9 0.2
6 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.1 79.6

Table 4. Experimental efficiency values ηi,j in percentages.
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Table 4. Experimental efficiency values ηi,j in percentages.
Input angle no. ${HG}_{00}$ ${HG}_{10}$ ${HG}_{20}$ ${HG}_{01}$ ${HG}_{11}$ ${HG}_{02}$
1 88.4 1.1 2.6 0.3 5.0 3.5
2 0.3 87.0 0.3 1.8 0.7 2.5
3 0.7 0.5 83.8 0.1 0.1 0.2
4 0.6 1.6 0.1 83.7 0.4 4.4
5 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.6 86.6 1.2
6 1.0 1.4 1.2 4.5 1.3 65.7

Table 5. Simulated and experimental transmission values T. For each mode, the numbers state the output/input power ratio in percentages.
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Table 5. Simulated and experimental transmission values T. For each mode, the numbers state the output/input power ratio in percentages.
${HG}_{00}$ ${HG}_{10}$ ${HG}_{20}$ ${HG}_{01}$ ${HG}_{11}$ ${HG}_{02}$
$T$ (sim) 50.0 49.2 49.5 42.2 57.9 48.9
$T$ (exp) 21.6 29.6 20.4 38.8 33.0 32.3

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Nicolas Barré, Ravi Shivaraman, Simon Moser, Patrick Salter, Michael Schmidt, Martin J. Booth, Alexander Jesacher, "Direct laser-written aperiodic photonic volume elements for complex light shaping with high efficiency: inverse design and fabrication," Adv. Photon. Nexus 2, 036006 (2023)

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Paper Information

Category: Research Articles

Received: Nov. 28, 2022

Accepted: Mar. 15, 2023

Published Online: Apr. 23, 2023

The Author Email: Alexander Jesacher (alexander.jesacher@i-med.ac.at)

DOI:10.1117/1.APN.2.3.036006

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. (a) Simulated and (b) experimentally obtained conversion efficiencies η. For each wavelength, the numbers state the respective percentage of the output power forming head, eyes, and mouth.

Table 1. (a) Simulated and (b) experimentally obtained conversion efficiencies η. For each wavelength, the numbers state the respective percentage of the output power forming head, eyes, and mouth.

Table 2. Simulated and experimentally measured transmission factors T for the color smiley APVE. The values are in percentages.

Table 2. Simulated and experimentally measured transmission factors T for the color smiley APVE. The values are in percentages.

Table 3. Simulated efficiency values ηi,j in percent. For each input angle, the numbers state the respective power fractions of the transmitted output light that is shaped into the corresponding HG modes.

Table 3. Simulated efficiency values ηi,j in percent. For each input angle, the numbers state the respective power fractions of the transmitted output light that is shaped into the corresponding HG modes.

Table 4. Experimental efficiency values ηi,j in percentages.

Table 4. Experimental efficiency values ηi,j in percentages.

Table 5. Simulated and experimental transmission values T. For each mode, the numbers state the output/input power ratio in percentages.

Table 5. Simulated and experimental transmission values T. For each mode, the numbers state the output/input power ratio in percentages.