Chinese Optics Letters, Volume. 17, Issue 10, 100012(2019)
High-speed underwater wireless optical communications: from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [Invited]
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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the general UWOC setup in a lab experiment. AWG: arbitrary waveform generator; EA: electrical amplifier; ATT: adjustable attenuator; DC: direct current; LD: laser diode; APD: avalanche photodiode; DSA: digital serial analyzer; Tx-DSP: digital signal processing at the transmitter; Rx-DSP: digital signal processing at the receiver.
Fig. 2. Received optical power (ROP) and SNR versus transmission distance under tap water. w/: with; w/o: without; NLE: nonlinear equalization[39].
Fig. 3. (a) Received SNR versus the volume of added Maalox suspension after a 1 m underwater transmission. (b) Attenuation coefficient versus volume of the added Maalox suspension. (c)–(f) The snapshots of the optical beam passing through water of different turbidities which represent (c) “tap water”, (d) “clear ocean”, (e) “coastal ocean”, and (f) “harbor water”[39].
Fig. 4. (a) Shannon capacity limit under different underwater transmission distances. (b) Entropy of different subcarriers for 25 m and 35 m underwater transmission distances. (c) Graphical illustrations for bit-power loading and the PCS-256/1024QAM-DMT scheme of three different entropies. Note that the bars denote the probability of each modulation symbol[42].
Fig. 5. Received constellation diagrams of (a) bit-power loading, (b) PCS-256QAM-DMT for 35 m, and (c) PCS-1024QAM-DMT for 25 m underwater transmissions[36].
Table 1. Summary of Recent Works in UWOC
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Summary of Recent Works in UWOC
Authors Transmitter type Light output power Photodetector Modulation formats Data rate Distance (m) Distance-data rate product (Gbps·m) Real time Xu et al. [30 ]Blue LED N/A PIN 16-QAM-OFDM 161 Mb/s 2 0.32 N Tian et al. [10 ]440 nm micro-LED N/A PIN/APD OOK 800/200 Mb/s 0.6/5.4 1.08 N Wang et al. [33 ]521 nm LED 160 mW 2 PINs 64-QAM-DMT, MRC 2.175 Gb/s 1.2 2.61 N Zhou et al. [72 ]RGBYC LED PIN Bit-power loading DMT 15.17 Gb/s 1.2 18.2 N Wang et al. [59 ]448 nm LED N/A APD OOK 25 Mb/s 10 0.25 Y Wang et al. [32 ]520 nm LD 15 mW MPPC 32-QAM-OFDM 312.03 Mb/s 21 6.55 N Oubei et al. [35 ]450 nm LD 15 mW APD 16-QAM-OFDM 4.8 Gb/s 5.4 25.92 N Chen et al. [36 ]520 nm LD 15 mW APD 32-QAM-OFDM 5.5 Gb/s 5/21 115.5 N Liu et al. [73 ]520 nm LD 19.4 mW PIN/APD OOK 2.7 Gb/s 34.5 93.15 N Fei et al. [39 ]450 nm LD 20 mW APD Bit-power loading DMT, NE 7.3 Gb/s 15 109.95 N Fei et al. [41 ]450 nm LD 12.8 mW APD MB-DFT-S-DMT 5.6 Gb/s 55 308 N Fei et al. [40 ]450 nm LD 120 mW PIN Bit-power loading DMT, NE 16.6/6.6 Gb/s 5/55 462@35 m N Li et al. [37 ]Two 488 nm LDs 20 mW PIN PAM4, injection locking 16 Gb/s 10 160 N Li et al. [14 ]Three 680 nm LDs 3 mW PIN Injection locking, OOK 25 Gb/s 10 250 N Huang et al. [38 ]450 nm LD 120 mW PIN/APD 16-QAM-OFDM 14.8/10.8 Gb/s 1.7/10.2 25.16/110 N Hong et al. [42 ]450 nm LD 120 mW PIN PCS-DMT 18.09/12.6 Gb/s 5/35 441@35 m N Wang et al. [44 ]520 nm LD 15 mW APD OOK, NE 500 Mb/s 100 50 N Hu et al. [43 ]532 nm LD N/A SPD 256-PPM & RS, LDPC ∼MHz 120 N/A N JAMSTEC[ 52 ]450 nm LD PMT N/A 20 Mb/s 120 2.4 Y
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Chao Fei, Xiaojian Hong, Ji Du, Guowu Zhang, Yuan Wang, Xiaoman Shen, Yuefeng Lu, Yang Guo, Sailing He, "High-speed underwater wireless optical communications: from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [Invited]," Chin. Opt. Lett. 17, 100012 (2019)
Paper Information
Special Issue: UNDERWATER WIRELESS OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
Received: Aug. 30, 2019
Accepted: Sep. 12, 2019
Published Online: Oct. 15, 2019
The Author Email: Sailing He (sailing@kth.se)
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