Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 20, 2011006(2024)
Development Status and Trends of Foreign Space Situation Awareness Ability (Invited)
Figures & Tables(38)
Fig. 2. Main evolution nodes of concept of space situational awareness in the U.S.
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of next generation defense space system architecture envisioned by the U.S. department of Defense's Space Development Agency［1］
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of deterrence layer of spatial situational awareness system［1］
Fig. 5. Current situation and development path of the U.S. space situation awareness system
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of composition of the U.S. multi-dimensional spatial situational awareness system
Fig. 35. IGS 1B is in orbit in the last few hours before re-entering the atmosphere
Table 1. Summary of technical indicators of ground-based space situational awareness radar in the U.S.
View tableTable 1. Summary of technical indicators of ground-based space situational awareness radar in the U.S.
No. Name/Model Location Type Key indicator Detection capability 1 Space Fence Kwajalein Atoll，
Australia
Phased array radar Band： S-band transmit beam： 120°×120°，receive beam： 0.2°×0.2°，number of transmitters： 512 track 10 cm GEO targets and 1 cm LEO targets 2 AN/FPS-85 Eglin Air
Force Base
Separate phased array quasi-single station for transmission and receiving radar Band： UHF-band，frequency： 442MHz，gathering control array wave width： 1.4°，effective receive beamwidth： 0.8°，azimuth angle： 128°，pitch angle： 0°‒105° Detection range： 40744 km 3 Globusll/AN/FPS-129 Norway Single-pulse mechanical tracking radar Band： X-band，bandwidth： 1 GHz，azimuth angle： 0‒360，oitch angle： 0‒90，parabolic antenna diameter： 27 m，beamwidth： 0.08° Detection range： 45000 km，able to track 100 targets per day 4 AN/FPQ-14 Harold holt Mechanical tracking radar Band： C-band Detection range： 11000 km，able to track 200 targets per day 5 AN/FPQ-18 Ascension
island
Mechanical tracking radar Band： C-band，beamwidth：0.38°，antenna size：29 feet Detection range： 1100‒7577 km 6 AN/FPQ-14 Oahu island Mechanical tracking radar Band： C-band Detection range： 1489 km，able to track 200 targets per day 7 BMEWS Radar
AN/FPS-115
Greenland Dual-sided phased array radar Band： UHF （420‒450 MHz），average power：150 kW，bandwidth： 30 MHz，two antenna fronts，azimuth angle： 240°，pitch angle：3°‒85° 2699 km（RCS1 m2） 8 BMEWS Radar
AN/FPS-123
Alaska Dual-sided phased array radar Band： UHF （420‒450 MHz），average power：255 kW，bandwidth： 30 MHz，two antenna fronts，azimuth angle： 240°，pitch angle： 3°‒85° 3127 km（RcS1 m2） 9 BMEWS Radar AN/FPS-126 Fylingdales Three-sided phased array radar Band： UHF （420‒450 MHz），average power：255 kW，bandwidth： 30 MHz，three antenna fronts，azimuth angle： 360° 3127 km （RCS1 m²） 10 Pavepaws
AN/FPS-123
Beale air
force base
Dual-sided phased array radar - 3127 km （RCS1 m²） 11 Pavepaws
AN/FPS-123
Cape cod air force station Dual-sided phased array radar - 3127 km（RCS1 m²） 12 TRADEX - Mechanical tracking radar Band： L、S-band 7400 km（RCS1 m2） 13 ALCOR - Mechanical tracking radar Band： C-band （5.672 GHz），bandwidth： 0.5 GHz，antenna size： 12.2 m，
beamwidth：0.3°
- 14 ALTAIR Kwajalein Missile Range Mechanical tracking radar Band： VHF-band、UHF-band，antenna diameter： 45.75 m，beamwidth：1.1° 2555 km（RCS1 m2） 15 MMW - Millimeter-wave radar Band： Ka-band （35 GHz）、W-band （95 GHz）
bandwidth： 1 GHz
beamwidth： 0.0435°（Ka） 0.0160°（w）
2000 km（RCS1 m2） 16 HUSIR Westford Mechanical tracking radar Band： X-band（7750‒8050 MHz）， antenna size： 36.6 m， beamwidth：0.07° W-band： 96 GHz，resolution：<3 cm 27000 km（RCS1 m2） 17 HAX Radar MIT Broadband imaging Band： W-band（96 GHz），Ku-band（16.6 GHz），resolution：<3 cm，antenna
size： 12.2 m，beamwidth：0.1°
- 18 Millstone Haystack Observatory Mechanical tracking radar Band： L-band （1295 MHz），antenna size： 25.6 m，beamwidth： 0.6° 36000 km（RCS1 m2）
Table 2. Summary of technical indicators of ground-based space situational awareness optical payload in the U.S.
View tableTable 2. Summary of technical indicators of ground-based space situational awareness optical payload in the U.S.
No. Name Location Type Key indicator Detection capability 1 Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance（GEODSS） Diego Garcia Visible light Main lens aperture：101.6 cm，focal length： 218 cm；auxiliary lens aperture：38 cm，focal length： 76 cm；field of view： 6° The main lens aperture is used to search for HEO targets with low brightness and slow speed， able to detect 2400 km2/h in the night sky； the auxiliary lens is used to search for fast-moving targets in low orbits， with 15000 km2/h detection capability； the detection range is 4828‒37800 km； can detect targets of 8cm size in geosynchronous orbit， 16.5 magnitude stars at night and 8 magnitude stars during the day 2 Socorro Visible light 3 Maui Visible light 4 Space Surveillance Telescope（SST） Harlod Holt Coaxial three-mirror optical system Curved splicing film focal plane CCD，lens aperture： 3.5 m，focal length： 3.5 m， field of view： 6° The resolution of GEO orbit is 10 cm； observe 21，600 targets per day； achieve clear image with a wide field of view 5 Air Force Maui Optical Station（AMOS） Maui Light and lasers 1.58 m cassegrain telescope，laser emitter Identify targets of 10 cm size in GEO orbits 6 Maui Optical Tracking and Identification Facility（MOTIF） Maui Visible light， long-wave infrared Two parallel installed1.22 m cassegrain telescopes，focal length： 24.56 m and 19.5m，field of view： 80″ Measure and image orbital targets below 4800 km； monitor GEO target； distinguish stars of 8th magnitude during the day and 17th magnitude stars at night 7 Advanced Electro-Optical System（AEOS） Maui Adaptive optical tracking Main lens： 3.67 m adaptive optical telescope，field of view： 1″；auxiliary lens： 1.6m cassette optical telescopes，field of view： 10″ The resolution of the target on an orbit of 800 km is 30 cm
Table 3. Summary table of technical indicators of the U.S. space-based situational awareness system
View tableTable 3. Summary table of technical indicators of the U.S. space-based situational awareness system
No. Name Deploy time Orbit Main workload Detection capability 1 MSX 2000 - Ultraviolet imager， space-based visible light camera， spatial infrared imaging telescope Monitoring multiple targets； comprehensive monitoring of geosynchronous orbits 2 XSS 2003 - - Orbital maneuvering； position holding； perform surveillance， tracking， and attacks 3 MiTEx 2006 - Satellite tracker Demonstration and verification of tactical tactics for close observation， reconnaissance， and space target perception 4 STSS 2009 - - Validate prototype sensor technology； verify missile tracking capabilities 5 STARE 2012 - Wide-field optical remote sensor Monitor space debris； improve the accuracy of space collision prediction 6 SBSS 2010 Low sun-synchronous orbit 30 cm aperture optical payload， triple anti-achromatic telescope， area array charge-coupled device Monitor and track targets in low Earth orbit larger than 5 cm and targets in geosynchronous orbit larger than 50 cm； catalog 17，000 space targets with diameters larger than 10 cm； tracking more than 800 satellites in orbit； Monitor 300，000 space targets over 10 cm； the orbit determination accuracy of low-orbit targets is 10 m； the orbit accuracy of high-orbit targets is 500 m 7 Sapphire 2014 - Photoelectric sensors Provides space target surveillance data 8 ANGELS 2014 GEO - Autonomously accompany high-orbit satellites； real-time and continuous space threat alerting； defend against space attacks and assess impact damage 9 GSSAP 2014 Lower than GEO - Centimeter-level imaging； get a clear view of the target antenna and sensor 10 ORS-5 2017 LEO - Track other satellites and space debris in GEO orbit； provide orbit maps 11 MyCroft 2018 Graveyard orbit - On-orbit approach and inspection 12 S5 2019 Higher than graveyard orbit 30 cm aperture optical lens Accelerate the update cycle of normalized space target cataloging information 13 Silence barker 2023 - - -
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Feng Wang, Zhe Zhang, Hao Ye, Gaopeng Zhang. Development Status and Trends of Foreign Space Situation Awareness Ability (Invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(20): 2011006
Paper Information
Category: Imaging Systems
Received: Mar. 13, 2024
Accepted: Jun. 27, 2024
Published Online: Nov. 7, 2024
The Author Email: Gaopeng Zhang (zhanggaopeng@opt.ac.cn)
CSTR:32186.14.LOP240882
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