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Photonics Research, Volume. 13, Issue 1, 225(2025)

Dynamic generation of multiplexed vortex beams by a space-time-coding metasurface

Pengcheng Tang1, Liming Si1、*, Qianqian Yuan1, Jie Tian2, Jiaxuan Deng1, Tianyu Ma1, Xiue Bao1, Chong He2, and Weiren Zhu2,3
Author Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3e-mail: weiren.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn
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    Conceptual illustration of the proposed space-time-coding metasurface.

    Fig. 1. Conceptual illustration of the proposed space-time-coding metasurface.

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    Schematic diagram of the proposed meta-atom. (a) Exploded view of the meta-atom. Top view of (b) the top layer, (c) the bias layer, and (d) the bottom layer.

    Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the proposed meta-atom. (a) Exploded view of the meta-atom. Top view of (b) the top layer, (c) the bias layer, and (d) the bottom layer.

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    (a) Transmission amplitude and (b) transmission phase of the proposed meta-atom. (c) Time-coding sequence of “010101010101”. (d) All possible effective transmissions of +1st harmonic wave for time-coding sequences with periodic length L=12.

    Fig. 3. (a) Transmission amplitude and (b) transmission phase of the proposed meta-atom. (c) Time-coding sequence of “010101010101”. (d) All possible effective transmissions of +1st harmonic wave for time-coding sequences with periodic length L=12.

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    Phase distribution of the metasurfaces for generating the vortex beam with (a) +1, (b) +2, and (c) +3 OAM mode. Amplitude distribution of the metasurfaces for generating the multiplexed vortex beam with OAM modes of (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively. Phase distribution of the metasurfaces for generating the multiplexed vortex beam with OAM modes of (g) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (h) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (i) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

    Fig. 4. Phase distribution of the metasurfaces for generating the vortex beam with (a) +1, (b) +2, and (c) +3 OAM mode. Amplitude distribution of the metasurfaces for generating the multiplexed vortex beam with OAM modes of (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively. Phase distribution of the metasurfaces for generating the multiplexed vortex beam with OAM modes of (g) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (h) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (i) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

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    Space-time-coding sequences for generating the vortex beam with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

    Fig. 5. Space-time-coding sequences for generating the vortex beam with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

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    The theoretical near-field amplitude and phase distribution for the vortex beams with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

    Fig. 6. The theoretical near-field amplitude and phase distribution for the vortex beams with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

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    (a) Photograph of the prototype space-time-coding metasurface. (b) Schematic diagram of the control circuit. (c), (d) Near-field experiment environment.

    Fig. 7. (a) Photograph of the prototype space-time-coding metasurface. (b) Schematic diagram of the control circuit. (c), (d) Near-field experiment environment.

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    The measured near-field amplitude and phase distribution for the vortex beams with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

    Fig. 8. The measured near-field amplitude and phase distribution for the vortex beams with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

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    The comparison between theoretical and measured mode purities of the vortex beams with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

    Fig. 9. The comparison between theoretical and measured mode purities of the vortex beams with OAM modes of (a) +1, (b) +2, (c) +3, (d) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶1∶1), (e) (l1,l2,l3,P1:P2:P3)=(+1,+2,+3,1∶2∶3), and (f) (l1,l2,l3,l4,P1:P2:P3:P4)=(−2,−1,+1,+2,1∶2∶2∶1), respectively.

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    • Table 1. Detailed Structural Parameters and Values of the Meta-Atom

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      Table 1. Detailed Structural Parameters and Values of the Meta-Atom

      Parameterprl1l2l3l4w1w2w3w4h1h2h3
      Value (mm)214.99.43.745.520.90.2320.12
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    Pengcheng Tang, Liming Si, Qianqian Yuan, Jie Tian, Jiaxuan Deng, Tianyu Ma, Xiue Bao, Chong He, Weiren Zhu, "Dynamic generation of multiplexed vortex beams by a space-time-coding metasurface," Photonics Res. 13, 225 (2025)

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    Paper Information

    Category: Optical Devices

    Received: Oct. 1, 2024

    Accepted: Nov. 9, 2024

    Published Online: Dec. 26, 2024

    The Author Email: Liming Si (lms@bit.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.1364/PRJ.543744

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology