Fig. 1. SEM image of a photonic crystal VCSEL^[11]

Fig. 2. Near-field pattern and spectra of photonic crystal defect fundamental lasing mode^[12]. （a） Single defect; （b） 7-point defect

Fig. 3. Near-field image of photonic crystal VCSEL with two defects^[13]

Fig. 4. Far-field intensity profiles for uncoupled and coupled defects^[13]

Fig. 5. Structure of PC VCSEL^[14]. (a) SEM image of square-lattice PC VCSEL; (b) modified PC VCSEL

Fig. 6. Schematic of QD PC VCSEL^[16]. (a) PC structure; (b) cross-sectional view

Fig. 7. Schematic of VCSEL with etched surface-relief^[19]

Fig. 8. VCSEL with triangular holey structure ^[20]

Fig. 9. Light-current characteristics near-field patterns and spectra^[20]

Fig. 10. Schematic of 1.3 μm QD VCSEL with surface-relief technique^[21]

Fig. 11. Structure of fabricated VCSEL^[22]

Fig. 12. Schematic of ellipse surface relief VCSEL^[25]

Fig. 13. Cross-section schematic of 10 μm long monolithic VCSEL^[26]

Fig. 14. Structure of coupled-resonator VCSEL^[29]

Fig. 15. Cross-section schematic of monolithic integrated VCSEL^[30]

Fig. 16. Schematic of anti-waveguide VCSEL ^[31]

Fig. 17. Cross-sectional view of ARROW VCSEL^[33]

Fig. 18. ARROW VCSEL structure with oxide island^[35]

Fig. 19. Cross-section schematic of HCG integrated VCSEL^[37]

Fig. 20. HCG VCSEL transverse mode control^[38]. (a) Schematic; (b) calculated angular dependence of HCG for transverse-mode control of VCSEL

Fig. 21. Structure diagram of Si-SiO₂ HCG^[39]. (a) Three-dimensional structure diagram; (b) cross-sectional view of grating after filling liquid crystal