Fig. 1. Structure of LCDs^［1］

Fig. 2. Working principle of LCDs

Fig. 3. （a）Negative electro-optical curve；（b）Positive electro-optical curve^［21］.

Fig. 4. Drive voltage and response time curves

Fig. 5. （a）Schematic diagram of ion trapping and threshold voltage improvement for Ti-doped particles^［24］；（b）Schematic diagram of ion trapping and threshold voltage improvement for Co₃O₄-doped particles^［31］.

Fig. 6. （a）Schematic diagram of charge transfer between amorphous Mn₃O₄ and LC；（b）Effect of MWCNT/LC complex on LC pointing vector ^［37-38］.

Fig. 7. （a）Formation of PDLC；（b）Working principle of PDLC；（c）Effect of different NPs concentrations on LC droplet size；（d）Effect of doped NPs on electro-optical performance of PDLC^［42-45］.

Fig. 8. （a）Schematic diagram of the states of NPs and LC under off-state and on-state voltages；（b）Effect of NPs on electro-optical performance of LC；（c）Change of LC molecular pointing vector under the influence of NPs^［53］.

Fig. 9. Electro-optical properties and mechanism diagram of doped nickel nanoparticles^［66］

Fig. 10. Effect of metal oxides on the electro-optical performance of LC.（a）Mn₃O₄；（b）Cu₂O^{［37，69］}.

Fig. 11. （a）History of carbon material / liquid crystal composites；（b）Schematic diagram of carbon material-liquid crystal interactions ^［71-72］.

Fig. 12. （a）Effect of different FNP on the electro-optical performance of LC；（b）Effect of different FNP concentrations on the electro-optical performance of LC ^［81-82］.

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of the memory effect in the FNP-NLC composite filled cuvette^［84］