An important research direction in the field of liquid crystal displays is the improvement of electro-optical properties of liquid crystals. In recent years, liquid crystal-nanoscience has witnessed a paradigm shift in the electro-optical properties of nano-doped enhanced liquid crystals. On the one hand, nanoparticles possess special physicochemical properties that can effectively improve the properties of the dispersed substrates. In addition, the nano-doped liquid crystal composite system occupies an important position in the display field because of its simple preparation process and excellent electro-optical properties. Using the different interactions between liquid crystals and nanoparticles, researchers have designed a series of electro-optical devices with high stability, low cost, tunable and sustainable. However, the doping of nanoparticles has the potential to cause structural defects that are detrimental to the stability of liquid crystals. Therefore, the selection of nanoparticles is crucial to the electro-optical performance of liquid crystals. This paper provides an overview of the electro-optical properties of liquid crystal-nanocomposite systems, focusing on the possible interactions between nanoparticles and liquid crystal molecules. Meanwhile, the current research status of nanoparticle-doped liquid crystals is reviewed, and the effect of nano-doping on the electro-optical properties of liquid crystals is summarized according to the nanoparticle types, and based on this, the future combination of liquid crystal display technology and nanotechnology is prospected.