Studying the spatial distributions and complex optical properties of marine aerosol particles is of great significance for understanding atmospheric environment over ocean and global climate change issues. In this study, the observation data of directional polarimetric camera (DPC) onboard Gaofen-5(02) satellite and the components module of the generalized retrieval of atmosphere and surface properties (GRASP) algorithm are used to study various aerosol optical properties and their spatial distributions over ocean, and furthermore, the observation data from aerosol robotic network (AERONET) sites are used to preliminarily verify the results from DPC/GRASP. The verification results show that the retrieved various aerosol properties over ocean from DPC/GRASP have a good performance. Specifically, the correlation coefficients between the aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent (AExp), fine-mode AOD (FAOD), coarse-mode AOD (CAOD), and single scattering albedo (SSA) retrieved from DPC/GRASP and AERONET observation results are 0.961, 0.848, 0.837, 0.914, and 0.750, respectively. There is a positive bias of AOD (0.034) and it indicates that the DPC/GRASP slightly overestimates the concentration of aerosols over ocean, which is mainly due to fine-mode particle. In the perspective of AOD global spatial distribution, the results of DPC/GRASP have a good consistency with the products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), indicating that DPC can correctly describe the spatial distribution of aerosols over ocean. This study demonstrates the good performance of DPC for monitoring various marine aerosol properties, which will provide valuable experience and research basis for the development of atmospheric hardware instruments and aerosol inversion algorithms in the future.