Fig. 1. Comparison of liquid crystal core waveguide，liquid crystal cladding waveguide and traditional liquid crystal devices.

Fig. 2. Development history of beam scanning technology based on liquid crystal cladding waveguide^{［2，5，14-16］}

Fig. 3. （a）Optimal coupling structure；（b）~（d）Influence of spot beam waist，incident position and incident angle on coupling efficiency.

Fig. 4. Device structure and working principle diagram of beam scanning technology based on liquid crystal cladding waveguide.（a）Overall structure diagram；（b）Cross-sectional view of y-z plane；（c）Structure diagram of x-y plane electrode layer.

Fig. 5. Beam scanning linearity performance in liquid crystal cladding waveguides.（a）Nonlinearity of the beam deflection process；（b）Asymmetry of beam deflection and deflection.

Fig. 6. Structural diagram of liquid crystal cladding waveguide FTS

Fig. 7. Application ideas of reconfigurable liquid crystal cladding waveguide based on pixelated driving circuit：（a）~（d）controllable optical routing.