Selective Laser Melting Process and Structure Optimization of Invar Alloy Lens Tube

Tianlei Zhang; Zilong Zhang; Peixin Li; Xiaoming Wang; Min Wang; Rongquan Zhu; Yaoshi Dang; Jian Cao; Junlei Qi

doi:10.3788/CJL240583

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 51, Issue 10, 1002314(2024)

Selective Laser Melting Process and Structure Optimization of Invar Alloy Lens Tube

Tianlei Zhang^1,2, Zilong Zhang¹, Peixin Li¹, Xiaoming Wang², Min Wang², Rongquan Zhu², Yaoshi Dang², Jian Cao¹, and Junlei Qi^1、*

Author Affiliations

¹State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang , China

²Beijing Remote Sensing Equipment Research Institute, Beijing 100854, China

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Figures & Tables(16)

Fig. 1. Lens tube shape structure for optical systems

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Fig. 2. Particle size distribution and surface morphology of the optimized powder. (a) Particle size distribution curve; (b) statistical image of powder sphericity; (c) surface morphology of the powder

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Fig. 3. SLM process test results. (a) Optimized powder spreading effect; (b) product surface quality

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Fig. 4. Microscopic morphology of Invar alloy samples formed at different scanning intervals. (a)(c)(e)(g) Horizontal; (b)(d)(f)(h) vertical

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Fig. 5. Microscopic morphology of Invar alloy samples formed at different scanning velocities. (a)(c)(e)(g) Horizontal; (b)(d)(f)(h) vertical

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Fig. 6. Stress and strain simulation results of Invar alloy lens tubes. (a) Stress simulation of the original model; (b) strain simulation of the original model; (c) stress simulation of the model after topology optimization; (d) strain simulation of the model after topology optimization

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Fig. 7. Optimization of the lens tube model, as well as stress and strain simulation after optimization. (a) Printing support of the original model; (b) printing support of the optimized model; (c) stress and strain simulation results after process optimization

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$Invar alloy lens tube and test rods manufactured by SLM process. (a) Lens tube; (b) fracture location of the test rods; (c) test robs before and after thermal expansion test$

Fig. 8. Invar alloy lens tube and test rods manufactured by SLM process. (a) Lens tube; (b) fracture location of the test rods; (c) test robs before and after thermal expansion test

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Fig. 9. Three-dimensional scanning of the lens tube and structural deviation measurement results

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Fig. 10. X-ray inspection results of Invar alloy tube. (a) X-ray scanning image; (b)–(f) residual stress detection points

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Table 1. Chemical composition of Invar alloy powder
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Table 1. Chemical composition of Invar alloy powder
Element Mass fraction /%
C 0.01
S 0.008
P 0.008
Si 0.018
Mn 0.8
Ni 34.29
O 0.888
Fe 63.97

Table 2. Chemical composition of the optimized Invar alloy powder
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Table 2. Chemical composition of the optimized Invar alloy powder
Element Mass fraction /% Standard /%
C 0.006 $\leq$ 0.05
S 0.006 $\leq$ 0.02
P 0.01 $\leq$ 0.02
Si 0.01 $\leq$ 0.3
Mn 0.35 0.2‒0.6
Ni 35.25 35‒37
O 0.034 $\leq$ 0.05
Fe 64.33 63‒65

Table 3. Physical properties of the optimized Invar alloy powder

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Table 3. Physical properties of the optimized Invar alloy powder

Physical property	Value	Standard
Mobility /（s/50 g）	14.7	$\leq$ 16
Apparent density /（g/cm³）	4.71	$\geq$ 4.2
Tap density /（g/cm³）	5.2	$\leq$ 5.8
Sphericity	0.89	0.85‒0.9
Particle size （D₁₀） /μm	17.4	15‒25
Particle Size （D₅₀） /μm	32	30‒40
Particle size （D₉₀） /μm	56.4	50‒60

Table 4. Setting of SLM parameters

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Table 4. Setting of SLM parameters

No.	Power /W	Scanning velocity /（mm/s）	Scanning interval /mm	Thickness /mm	Lap width /mm	Energy density /（J/mm³）
1	370	1000	0.08	0.04	0.14	114.6
2	370	1000	0.09	0.04	0.14	102.78
3	370	1000	0.10	0.04	0.14	92.5
4	370	1000	0.11	0.04	0.14	76.45

Table 5. SLM parameters and mechanical property test results

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Table 5. SLM parameters and mechanical property test results

No.	Power /W	Scanning velocity /（mm/s）	Scanning interval /mm	Thickness /mm	Energy density /（J/mm³）	Tensilestrength /MPa	Yieldstrength /MPa	Elongation /%	Shrinkagerate /%
1	370	900	0.09	0.04	114.2	482	388	29	73
2	370	1000	0.09	0.04	67.5	468	368	29	64
3	370	1100	0.09	0.04	67.3	435	354	35	73
4	370	1200	0.09	0.04	91.0	440	361	33	73

Table 6. Mechanical properties of the test bars after heat treatment
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Table 6. Mechanical properties of the test bars after heat treatment
No. Tensile strength /MPa Yield strength /MPa Elongation /% Shrinkage rate /% CTE /K
1 455 364 36 79 1.9 $\times$ 10^-6
2 451 362 33.5 80 1.9 $\times$ 10^-6
3 467 375 35 80 1.8 $\times$ 10^-6

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Tianlei Zhang, Zilong Zhang, Peixin Li, Xiaoming Wang, Min Wang, Rongquan Zhu, Yaoshi Dang, Jian Cao, Junlei Qi. Selective Laser Melting Process and Structure Optimization of Invar Alloy Lens Tube[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(10): 1002314

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