[1] Jiang D H, Zhu L Y, Tong S Q et al. Photoacoustic imaging plus X: a review[J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 29, S11513(2024).

[2] Chen Z Y, Gezginer I, Zhou Q Y et al. Multimodal optoacoustic imaging: methods and contrast materials[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 53, 6068-6099(2024).

[3] Riksen J J M, Nikolaev A V, van Soest G. Photoacoustic imaging on its way toward clinical utility: a tutorial review focusing on practical application in medicine[J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 28, 121205(2023).

[4] Park B, Oh D, Kim J et al. Functional photoacoustic imaging: from nano- and micro- to macro-scale[J]. Nano Convergence, 10, 29(2023).

[5] Lin L, Wang L V. The emerging role of photoacoustic imaging in clinical oncology[J]. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 19, 365-384(2022).

[6] Li C H. Creating the sound of life by light: a discussion about photoacoustic imaging[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 59, 0617005(2022).

[7] Xia J, Lediju Bell M A, Laufer J et al. Translational photoacoustic imaging for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and surgical guidance: introduction to the feature issue[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 12, 4115-4118(2021).

[8] Omar M, Aguirre J, Ntziachristos V. Optoacoustic mesoscopy for biomedicine[J]. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 3, 354-370(2019).

[9] Shumakova V, Heckl O H. A short guide to recent developments in laser-based gas phase spectroscopy, applications, and tools[J]. APL Photonics, 9, 010803(2024).

[10] Fathy A, Sabry Y M, Hunter I W et al. Direct absorption and photoacoustic spectroscopy for gas sensing and analysis: a critical review[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 16, 2100556(2022).

[11] Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Dong L et al. Recent advances in quartz enhanced photoacoustic sensing[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 5, 011106(2018).

[12] Haisch C. Photoacoustic spectroscopy for analytical measurements[J]. Measurement Science and Technology, 23, 012001(2012).

[13] Dumitras D C, Dutu D C, Matei C et al. Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy: principles, instrumentation, and characterization[J]. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 9, 3655-3701(2007).

[14] Kuusela T, Kauppinen J. Photoacoustic gas analysis using interferometric cantilever microphone[J]. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 42, 443-474(2007).

[15] Harren F, Mandon J, Cristescu S. Photoacoustic spectroscopy in trace gas monitoring[J]. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, 3, 2203-2226(2000).

[16] Miklós A, Schäfer S, Hess P. Photoacoustic spectroscopy, theory[M]. Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry, 2151-2158(1999).

[17] Navas M J, Jiménez A M, Asuero A G. Human biomarkers in breath by photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Clinica Chimica Acta, 413, 1171-1178(2012).

[18] Weigl S, Müller M, Pangerl J et al. Scopes and limits of photoacoustic spectroscopy in modern breath analysis[M]. Breath analysis, 101-159(2022).

[19] Zhang X Y, Song F, Zhu H L et al. Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy for noninvasive blood glucose detection[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 1571-1583(2023).

[20] Kaysir M R, Song J Q, Rassel S et al. Progress and perspectives of mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy for non-invasive glucose detection[J]. Biosensors, 13, 716(2023).

[21] Zhao Y F, Cao M F, McClelland J F et al. A photoacoustic immunoassay for biomarker detection[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 85, 261-266(2016).

[22] Sei K, Fujita M, Hirasawa T et al. Measurement of blood-oxygen saturation using a photoacoustic technique in the rabbit hypoxemia model[J]. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 33, 269-279(2019).

[23] Morse P M C, Ingard K U[M]. Theoretical acoustics(1986).

[24] Petra N, Zweck J, Kosterev A A et al. Theoretical analysis of a quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor[J]. Applied Physics B, 94, 673-680(2009).

[25] Wojcik M D, Phillips M C, Cannon B D et al. Gas-phase photoacoustic sensor at 8.41 μm using quartz tuning forks and amplitude-modulated quantum cascade lasers[J]. Applied Physics B, 85, 307-313(2006).

[26] An D L, Sun F Y, Bian Y P et al. Mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy with enhanced detection performance for biomedical applications[J]. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 58, 834-868(2023).

[27] Ivascu I R, Matei C E, Patachia M et al. CO2 laser photoacoustic measurements of ethanol absorption coefficients within infrared region of 9.2‒10.8 μm[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 163, 115-119(2016).

[28] Schaden S, Domínguez-Vidal A, Lendl B. Simultaneous measurement of two compounds in aqueous solution with dual quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy[J]. Applied Physics B, 83, 135-139(2006).

[29] de Palo R, Elefante A, Biagi G et al. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensors for detection of eight air pollutants[J]. Advanced Photonics Research, 4, 2200353(2023).

[30] Schwaighofer A, Montemurro M, Freitag S et al. Beyond Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: external cavity quantum cascade laser-based mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy of proteins in the amide I and amide II region[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 90, 7072-7079(2018).

[31] Varga A, Bozóki Z, Szakáll M et al. Photoacoustic system for on-line process monitoring of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration in natural gas streams[J]. Applied Physics B, 85, 315-321(2006).

[32] Wu H P, Dong L, Liu X L et al. Fiber-amplifier-enhanced QEPAS sensor for simultaneous trace gas detection of NH3 and H2S[J]. Sensors, 15, 26743-26755(2015).

[33] Wu G J, Gong Z F, Li H E et al. High-sensitivity multitrace gas simultaneous detection based on an all-optical miniaturized photoacoustic sensor[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 94, 12507-12513(2022).

[34] Mao X F, Zhou X L, Gong Z F et al. An all-optical photoacoustic spectrometer for multi-gas analysis[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 232, 251-256(2016).

[35] Chen K, Zhang B, Guo M et al. Photoacoustic trace gas detection of ethylene in high-concentration methane background based on dual light sources and fiber-optic microphone[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 310, 127825(2020).

[36] Zhao X Y, Qi H C, Xu Y F et al. Dynamic detection of ppb-level SO2 based on a differential photoacoustic cell coupled with UV-LED[J]. Optics Letters, 48, 4558-4561(2023).

[37] Mikkonen T, Hieta T, Genty G et al. Sensitive multi-species photoacoustic gas detection based on mid-infrared supercontinuum source and miniature multipass cell[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 24, 19481-19487(2022).

[38] Zhang B, Chen K, Chen Y W et al. High-sensitivity photoacoustic gas detector by employing multi-pass cell and fiber-optic microphone[J]. Optics Express, 28, 6618-6630(2020).

[39] Chen K, Zhang B, Liu S et al. Highly sensitive photoacoustic gas sensor based on multiple reflections on the cell wall[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 290, 119-124(2019).

[40] Zhao X Y, Wang H, Qi H C et al. Fiber optic photoacoustic gas sensor enhanced by multi-pass cell with overlapping phantom spots[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 412, 135816(2024).

[41] Graf M, Emmenegger L, Tuzson B. Compact, circular, and optically stable multipass cell for mobile laser absorption spectroscopy[J]. Optics Letters, 43, 2434-2437(2018).

[42] Cui R Y, Dong L, Wu H P et al. Three-dimensional printed miniature fiber-coupled multipass cells with dense spot patterns for ppb-level methane detection using a near-IR diode laser[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 92, 13034-13041(2020).

[43] Fan E B, Liu H J, Wang C et al. Compact optical fiber photoacoustic gas sensor with integrated multi-pass cell[J]. Photoacoustics, 32, 100524(2023).

[44] Zheng K Y, Luo W X, Duan L F et al. High sensitivity and stability cavity-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy with dual-locking scheme[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 415, 135984(2024).

[45] Nie Q X, Wang Z, Borri S et al. Mid-infrared swept cavity-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy using a quartz tuning fork[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 123, 054102(2023).

[46] Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhang W P et al. Ultrasensitive photoacoustic detection in a high-finesse cavity with Pound‒Drever‒Hall locking[J]. Optics Letters, 44, 1924-1927(2019).

[47] Yan Y, Xiao X Z, Nie Q X et al. Nanoliter-scale light‒matter interaction in a fiber-tip cavity enables sensitive photothermal gas detection[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18, 2400907(2024).

[48] Shung K K, Zippuro M. Ultrasonic transducers and arrays[J]. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 15, 20-30(1996).

[49] Harris G R, Howard S M, Hurrell A M et al. Hydrophone measurements for biomedical ultrasound applications: a review[J]. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 70, 85-100(2023).

[50] Cao X N, Yang H, Wu Z L et al. Ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 13, 159(2024).

[51] Wissmeyer G, Pleitez M A, Rosenthal A et al. Looking at sound: optoacoustics with all-optical ultrasound detection[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 7, 53(2018).

[52] Dong B Q, Sun C, Zhang H F. Optical detection of ultrasound in photoacoustic imaging[J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 64, 4-15(2017).

[53] Ma J, He Y, Bai X et al. Flexible microbubble-based Fabry‒Perot cavity for sensitive ultrasound detection and wide-view photoacoustic imaging[J]. Photonics Research, 8, 1558-1565(2020).

[54] Liu H J, Wu Y H, Hou C T et al. Ultrasound pulse generation through continuous-wave laser excited thermo-cavitation for all-optical ultrasound imaging[J]. APL Photonics, 8, 046102(2023).

[55] Ma J, Zhao J, Chen H W et al. Transparent microfiber Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor with needle-shaped focus for multiscale photoacoustic imaging[J]. Photoacoustics, 30, 100482(2023).

[56] Yin X K, Dong L, Wu H P et al. Sub-ppb nitrogen dioxide detection with a large linear dynamic range by use of a differential photoacoustic cell and a 3.5 W blue multimode diode laser[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 247, 329-335(2017).

[57] Sampaolo A, Csutak S, Patimisco P et al. Methane, ethane and propane detection using a compact quartz enhanced photoacoustic sensor and a single interband cascade laser[J]. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 282, 952-960(2019).

[58] Ma Y F. Recent advances in QEPAS and QEPTS based trace gas sensing: a review[J]. Frontiers in Physics, 8, 268(2020).

[59] Zhao X Y, Qi H C, Xu Y F et al. Fiber-optic photoacoustic gas sensing: a review[J]. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 60, 1-29(2025).

[60] Ma J, Yu Y Q, Jin W. Demodulation of diaphragm based acoustic sensor using Sagnac interferometer with stable phase bias[J]. Optics Express, 23, 29268-29278(2015).

[61] Dong L, Wu H P, Zheng H D et al. Recent progress in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 45, 0911004(2018).

[62] Wu H P, Sampaolo A, Dong L et al. Quartz enhanced photoacoustic H2S gas sensor based on a fiber-amplifier source and a custom tuning fork with large prong spacing[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 107, 111104(2015).

[63] Liu K, Guo X Y, Yi H M et al. Off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Optics Letters, 34, 1594-1596(2009).

[64] Shang Z J, Wu H P, Li S Z et al. Elliptical-tube off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 120, 171101(2022).

[65] Chen K, Guo M, Liu S et al. Fiber-optic photoacoustic sensor for remote monitoring of gas micro-leakage[J]. Optics Express, 27, 4648-4659(2019).

[66] Zhou S, Slaman M, Iannuzzi D. Demonstration of a highly sensitive photoacoustic spectrometer based on a miniaturized all-optical detecting sensor[J]. Optics Express, 25, 17541-17548(2017).

[67] Tan Y Z, Zhang C Z, Jin W et al. Optical fiber photoacoustic gas sensor with graphene nano-mechanical resonator as the acoustic detector[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 23, 5600211(2017).

[68] Dai G R, Yu N, Zhang S L et al. Photothermally stabilized Fabry-Perot cavity with patterned nanofilm for photoacoustic trace gas sensing[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 355, 131259(2022).

[69] Chen K, Zhang B, Liu S et al. Parts-per-billion-level detection of hydrogen sulfide based on near-infrared all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 283, 1-5(2019).

[70] Mannoor M, Hwang J, Kang S M. Numerical study of geometrical effects on the performance of an H-type cylindrical resonant photoacoustic cell[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 32, 5671-5683(2018).

[71] Lü H H, Zheng H D, Liu Y H et al. Radial-cavity quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Optics Letters, 46, 3917-3920(2021).

[72] Wu G J, Zhang Y J, Gong Z F et al. A mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor based on a sphere-cylinder coupled acoustic resonator for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing[J]. Photoacoustics, 37, 100595(2024).

[73] Zhao Z K, Ni W J, Yang C Y et al. Highly sensitive and miniaturized microcone-curved resonant photoacoustic cavity for trace gas detection[J]. Photoacoustics, 40, 100650(2024).

[74] Fu L J, Zhang J S, Pan Y F et al. Differential photoacoustic spectroscopy for flow gas detection based on single microphone[J]. Photoacoustics, 38, 100624(2024).

[75] Zhao X Y, Wang Z Z, Li C X et al. Ultrahigh sensitive trace gas sensing system with dual fiber-optic cantilever multiplexing-based differential photoacoustic detection[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 96, 1046-1053(2024).

[76] Liu X L, Cui J J, Feng C F et al. Differential photoacoustic cell-based Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy for background-free gas detection[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 22, 101203(2024).

[77] Jin Y Y, Yin Y G, Li C Y et al. Non-invasive monitoring of human health by photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Sensors, 22, 1155(2022).

[78] World Health Organization. Diabetes: report of WHO/A. Loke[R](2024).

[79] Ghazaryan A, Ovsepian S V, Ntziachristos V. Extended near-infrared optoacoustic spectrometry for sensing physiological concentrations of glucose[J]. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 112(2018).

[80] Kottmann J, Rey J M, Luginbühl J et al. Glucose sensing in human epidermis using mid-infrared photoacoustic detection[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 3, 667-680(2012).

[81] Pleitez M A, Lieblein T, Bauer A et al. In vivo noninvasive monitoring of glucose concentration in human epidermis by mid-infrared pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 85, 1013-1020(2013).

[82] Uluç N, Glasl S, Gasparin F et al. Non-invasive measurements of blood glucose levels by time-gating mid-infrared optoacoustic signals[J]. Nature Metabolism, 6, 678-686(2024).

[83] Sim J Y, Ahn C G, Jeong E J et al. In vivo microscopic photoacoustic spectroscopy for non-invasive glucose monitoring invulnerable to skin secretion products[J]. Scientific Reports, 8, 1059(2018).

[84] Prakash J, Seyedebrahimi M M, Ghazaryan A et al. Short-wavelength optoacoustic spectroscopy based on water muting[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 4007-4014(2020).

[85] Zhao S W, Tao W, He Q Z et al. Glucose solution determination based on liquid photoacoustic resonance[J]. Applied Optics, 56, 193-199(2017).

[86] Yue Y S, Zhang Z S Y, Zhu S C et al. Influencing factors of mid-infrared spectrum blood glucose detection[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 60, 2430001(2023).

[87] Kang J, Boctor E M, Adams S et al. Validation of noninvasive photoacoustic measurements of sagittal sinus oxyhemoglobin saturation in hypoxic neonatal piglets[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 125, 983-989(2018).

[88] Yin G Z, Xing D, Yang S H. Dynamic monitoring of blood oxygen saturation in vivo using double-ring photoacoustic sensor[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 106, 013109(2009).

[89] Stylogiannis A, Riobo L, Prade L et al. Low-cost single-point optoacoustic sensor for spectroscopic measurement of local vascular oxygenation[J]. Optics Letters, 45, 6579-6582(2020).

[90] Perkov S A, Gorin D A, Esenaliev R O. Optoacoustic monitoring of water content in tissue phantoms and human skin[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 14, e202000363(2021).

[91] Tian C, Xie Z X, Fabiilli M L et al. Imaging and sensing based on dual-pulse nonlinear photoacoustic contrast: a preliminary study on fatty liver[J]. Optics Letters, 40, 2253-2256(2015).

[92] Wan N, Li Z, Seong M et al. Sensing of triglyceride concentration in blood solution using photoacoustic microscopy[J]. Optics Letters, 48, 3769-3772(2023).

[93] Galanzha E I, Menyaev Y A, Yadem A C et al. In vivo liquid biopsy using Cytophone platform for photoacoustic detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with melanoma[J]. Science Translational Medicine, 11, eaat5857(2019).

[94] Cox B, Laufer J G, Arridge S R et al. Quantitative spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging: a review[J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 17, 061202(2012).

[95] Zhou J C, Yim W, Zhou J J et al. A fiber optic photoacoustic sensor for real-time heparin monitoring[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 196, 113692(2022).

[96] Zhang Y J, Guo L, Yu Y L et al. Photoacoustic-based miniature device with smartphone readout for point-of-care testing of uric acid[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 92, 15699-15704(2020).

[97] Zhao Y F, Huang Y, Zhao X W et al. Nanoparticle-based photoacoustic analysis for highly sensitive lateral flow assays[J]. Nanoscale, 8, 19204-19210(2016).

[98] Zhang Y J, Guo L, Chen S et al. A portable photoacoustic device for facile and sensitive detection of serum alkaline phosphatase activity[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1108, 54-60(2020).

[99] Xiao J Y, Yuan C Q, Ding M M et al. Photoacoustic detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike N501Y single-nucleotide polymorphism based on branched rolling circle amplification[J]. Talanta, 253, 124047(2023).

[100] Liu X J, González M G, Niessner R et al. Strong size-dependent photoacoustic effect on gold nanoparticles: a sensitive tool for aggregation-based colorimetric protein detection[J]. Analytical Methods, 4, 309-311(2012).

[101] Yasmin Z, Khachatryan E, Lee Y H et al. In vitro monitoring of oxidative processes with self-aggregating gold nanoparticles using all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 64, 676-682(2015).

[102] Zhang S P, Huang Y T, Lin F et al. Optical and acoustic synergetic sensing platform enabled by a pyrene-based conjugated polymer self-circulating amplified system for lung cancer detection[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 95, 9967-9974(2023).

[103] Huang Y T, Zhang S P, Chen Y J et al. Modular and noncontact wireless detection platform for ovarian cancer markers: electrochemiluminescent and photoacoustic dual-signal output based on multiresponse carbon nano-onions[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 94, 13269-13277(2022).

[104] Zhao Y F, Liu K Y, McClelland J et al. Enhanced photoacoustic detection using photonic crystal substrate[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 104, 161110(2014).

[105] Lin Q H, Gao D, Jin B A et al. Enhancing the sensitivity of photoacoustic spectrum system for liquid detection by coupling with acoustic metasurfaces[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 122, 242201(2023).

[106] Xu C, Rassel S, Zhang S et al. Single-wavelength water muted photoacoustic system for detecting physiological concentrations of endogenous molecules[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 12, 666-675(2021).

[107] Amann A, Spanel P, Smith D. Breath analysis: the approach towards clinical applications[J]. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 7, 115-129(2007).

[108] Dumitras D C, Petrus M, Bratu A M et al. Applications of near infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy for analysis of human respiration: a review[J]. Molecules, 25, 1728(2020).

[109] Selvaraj R, Vasa N J, Nagendra S M S et al. Advances in mid-infrared spectroscopy-based sensing techniques for exhaled breath diagnostics[J]. Molecules, 25, 2227(2020).

[110] Oomens J, Bisson S E, Harting M et al. New laser sources for photoacoustic trace gas detection with applications in biomedical science[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 3916, 295-300(2000).

[111] Henderson B, Khodabakhsh A, Metsälä M et al. Laser spectroscopy for breath analysis: towards clinical implementation[J]. Applied Physics B, 124, 161(2018).

[112] Nidheesh V R, Mohapatra A K, Unnikrishnan V K et al. Breath analysis for the screening and diagnosis of diseases[J]. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 56, 702-732(2021).

[113] Wang Z, Wang Q, Ching J Y L et al. A portable low-power QEPAS-based CO2 isotope sensor using a fiber-coupled interband cascade laser[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 246, 710-715(2017).

[114] Grossel A, Zéninari V, Joly L et al. Photoacoustic detection of nitric oxide with a Helmholtz resonant quantum cascade laser sensor[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 51, 95-101(2007).

[115] Li B, Feng C F, Wu H P et al. Photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide[J]. Photoacoustics, 27, 100388(2022).

[116] Mao X F, Tan Y T, Ye H et al. Photoacoustic spectroscopy-based breath analysis for SIBO[J]. ACS Sensors, 8, 4728-4736(2023).

[117] Hibbard T, Killard A J. Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 5, 037101(2011).

[118] Nidheesh V R, Mohapatra A K, Nayak R et al. UV laser-based photoacoustic breath analysis for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases: detection of asthma[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 370, 132367(2022).

[119] Harren F J M, Berkelmans R, Kuiper K et al. On-line laser photoacoustic detection of ethene in exhaled air as biomarker of ultraviolet radiation damage of the human skin[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 74, 1761-1763(1999).

[120] Wolff M, Groninga H G, Harde H. Photoacoustic sensor for medical diagnostics[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 5261, 50-57(2004).

[121] Dong L, Spagnolo V, Lewicki R et al. Ppb-level detection of nitric oxide using an external cavity quantum cascade laser based QEPAS sensor[J]. Optics Express, 19, 24037-24045(2011).

[122] Wong F H, Yeung C Y, Fung K W et al. Breath hydrogen (H2) analysis in southern Chinese children and infants by gas chromatography and a novel automatic sampling system[J]. Singapore Medical Journal, 37, 72-81(1996).

[123] Shang Z J, Li S Z, Li B et al. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic NH3 sensor exploiting a large-prong-spacing quartz tuning fork and an optical fiber amplifier for biomedical applications[J]. Photoacoustics, 26, 100363(2022).

[124] Narasimhan L R, Goodman W, Patel C K N. Correlation of breath ammonia with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine during hemodialysis[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 4617-4621(2001).

[125] Popa C, Patachia M, Banita S et al. The level of ethylene biomarker in the renal failure of elderly patients analyzed by photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Laser Physics, 23, 125701(2013).

[126] Lourenço C, Turner C. Breath analysis in disease diagnosis: methodological considerations and applications[J]. Metabolites, 4, 465-498(2014).

[127] Li B, Wu H P, Feng C F et al. Noninvasive skin respiration (CO2) measurement based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 95, 6138-6144(2023).

[128] El-Safoury M, Weber C, Yassine H et al. Towards a miniaturized photoacoustic sensor for transcutaneous CO2 monitoring[J]. Sensors, 24, 457(2024).

[129] Neerincx A H, Mandon J, van Ingen J et al. Real-time monitoring of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia (NH3) emitted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 9, 027102(2015).

[130] Neerincx A H, Linders Y A M, Vermeulen L et al. Hydrogen cyanide emission in the lung by Staphylococcus aureus[J]. European Respiratory Journal, 48, 577-579(2016).

[131] Pohlkötter A, Köhring M, Willer U et al. Detection of molecular oxygen at low concentrations using quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Sensors, 10, 8466-8477(2010).

[132] Yang S H, Qiao S D, Liu X N et al. Highly sensitive measurement of oxygen concentration based on reflector-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Sensors, 22, 5087(2022).

[133] Li Z G, Si G S, Ning Z Q et al. Photoacoustic detection of CO2 based on mid-infrared LED[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 42, 1330001(2022).

[134] Zhang G Y, Guo M, Zhao X Y et al. Miniaturized nonresonant photoacoustic gas analyzer for CO2 detection[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 65, 1829-1837(2023).

[135] Laurila T, Cattaneo H, Pöyhönen T et al. Cantilever-based photoacoustic detection of carbon dioxide using a fiber-amplified diode laser[J]. Applied Physics B, 83, 285-288(2006).

[136] Moser H, Lendl B. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using NIR telecom laser sources near 1.6 µm[J]. Applied Physics B, 122, 83(2016).

[137] Spagnolo V, Kosterev A A, Dong L et al. NO trace gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and external cavity quantum cascade laser[J]. Applied Physics B, 100, 125-130(2010).

[138] Gondal M A, Khalil A A I, Al-Suliman N. High sensitive detection of nitric oxide using laser induced photoacoustic spectroscopy at 213 nm[J]. Applied Optics, 51, 5724(2012).

[139] Dong L, Ma W G, Zhang L et al. Mid-IR ultra-sensitive CO detection based on pulsed quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 34, 0130002(2014).

[140] Liu X, Zhang T, Zhang G et al. Carbon monoxide detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 47, 0111002(2020).

[141] Bonilla-Manrique O E, Posada-Roman J E, Garcia-Souto J A et al. Sub-ppm-level ammonia detection using photoacoustic spectroscopy with an optical microphone based on a phase interferometer[J]. Sensors, 19, 2890(2019).

[142] Guo M, Chen K, Gong Z F et al. Trace ammonia detection based on near-infrared fiber-optic cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Photonic Sensors, 9, 293-301(2019).

[143] Xu Y F, Wang H, Qi H C et al. High-precision multipass fiber-optic photoacoustic gas analyzer based on 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 96, 2543-2549(2024).

[144] Wang J P, Wu H P, Sampaolo A et al. Quartz-enhanced multiheterodyne resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 13, 77(2024).

[145] Ma J, Fan E B, Liu H J et al. Microscale fiber photoacoustic spectroscopy for in situ and real-time trace gas sensing[J]. Advanced Photonics, 6, 066008(2024).

[146] Mitra M, Haworth A, Gaddale P et al. Multiwavelength laser diode based portable photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging system for point of care applications[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 17, e202400058(2024).

[147] Huang B X, Chan S C K, Li X F et al. Deep learning-enhanced fiber-coupled laser diode-based photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution microvasculature imaging[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18, 2400452(2024).

[148] Pelini J, Russo S D, Garcia I L et al. New silicon-based micro-electro-mechanical systems for photo-acoustic trace-gas detection[J]. Photoacoustics, 38, 100619(2024).

[149] Zhou S, Iannuzzi D. Immersion photoacoustic spectrometer (iPAS) for arcing fault detection in power transformers[J]. Optics Letters, 44, 3741-3744(2019).

[150] Gong Z F, Wu G J, Xing J W et al. Research progress of interferometric all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy for gas sensing[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 1899911(2023).

[151] Zifarelli A, De Palo R, Venck S et al. All-fiber-coupled mid-infrared quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensors[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 176, 110926(2024).

[152] Wu G J, Gong Z F, Ma J S et al. High-sensitivity miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic sensor based on silicon cantilever beam for trace gas sensing[J]. Photoacoustics, 27, 100386(2022).

[153] Dong L, Han W F, Wu H P et al. Key technologies and applications of ultrasensitive and rapid quartz‒enhanced photoacoustic sensing (invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 45, 0200002(2025).

[154] Ren X Y, Yan M, Wen Z Y et al. Dual-comb quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Photoacoustics, 28, 100403(2022).

[155] Wang Z, Nie Q X, Sun H J et al. Cavity-enhanced photoacoustic dual-comb spectroscopy[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 13, 11(2024).

[156] Rieker G B, Jeffries J B, Hanson R K. Calibration-free wavelength-modulation spectroscopy for measurements of gas temperature and concentration in harsh environments[J]. Applied Optics, 48, 5546-5560(2009).

[157] Qu Z C, Ghorbani R, Valiev D et al. Calibration-free scanned wavelength modulation spectroscopy‒application to H2O and temperature sensing in flames[J]. Optics Express, 23, 16492-16499(2015).

[158] Wu H P, Dong L, Zheng H D et al. Beat frequency quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for fast and calibration-free continuous trace-gas monitoring[J]. Nature Communications, 8, 15331(2017).

[159] Zhou Y, Jiang M, Dou W et al. Narrow-band multi-component gas analysis based on photothermal spectroscopy and partial least squares regression method[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 377, 133029(2023).

[160] Leong S X, Koh C S L, Sim H Y F et al. Enantiospecific molecular fingerprinting using potential-modulated surface-enhanced Raman scattering to achieve label-free chiral differentiation[J]. ACS Nano, 15, 1817-1825(2021).

[161] Gong Z F, Fan Y M, Guan Y C et al. Empirical modal decomposition combined with deep learning for photoacoustic spectroscopy detection of mixture gas concentrations[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 96, 18528-18536(2024).

[162] Wang L H, Lü H H, Zhao Y H et al. Sub-ppb level HCN photoacoustic sensor employing dual-tube resonator enhanced clamp-type tuning fork and U-net neural network noise filter[J]. Photoacoustics, 38, 100629(2024).