Effects of Process Parameters upon Chromium Element Distribution in Laser-Cladded 316L Stainless Steel

Xu Hanzong; Ge Honghao; Wang Jiefeng; Zhang Qunli; Yao Jianhua; Volodymyr S. Kovalenko

doi:10.3788/CJL202047.1202004

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 47, Issue 12, 1202004(2020)

Effects of Process Parameters upon Chromium Element Distribution in Laser-Cladded 316L Stainless Steel

Xu Hanzong^1,2,3, Ge Honghao^1,2,3、*, Wang Jiefeng^1,2,3, Zhang Qunli^1,2,3, Yao Jianhua^1,2,3, and Volodymyr S. Kovalenko^1,4

Author Affiliations

¹Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China

²Zhejiang Provincial Collaboration Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China

³School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China

⁴Laser Technology Research Institute, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kiev 0 3056, Ukraine

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Figures & Tables(18)

Fig. 1. Boundary condition and grid of laser cladding

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Fig. 2. Computational domain evolution model

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Fig. 3. Temperature distribution cloud diagram at different time. (a) t=0.1 s; (b) t=0.2 s; (c) t=0.3 s; (d) t=0.4 s; (e) t=1.2 s; (f) t=2.0 s

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$Volume fraction of solid phase and flow field at different time. (a) t=0.4 s; (b) t=1.2 s; (c) t=2.0 s$

Fig. 4. Volume fraction of solid phase and flow field at different time. (a) t=0.4 s; (b) t=1.2 s; (c) t=2.0 s

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Fig. 5. Chromium concentration distribution at different time. (a) t=0.4 s; (b) t=1.2 s; (c) t=2.0 s

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Fig. 6. Comparison between experiment and simulation. (a) Magnified image of area containing selected points in x direction; (b) metallographic image of cladding layer; (c) magnified image of area containing selected points in y direction; (d) simulation of chromium element distribution

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Fig. 7. Comparison between experimental and simulation concentration in y direction

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Fig. 8. Comparison between experimental and simulation concentration in x direction

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Fig. 9. Orthogonal simulation results of average concentration of chromium in laser cladding layer

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Fig. 10. Chromium element distribution cloud diagram

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Fig. 11. Comparison of chromium element uniformity at different process parameters

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$Simulation results at 1.2 s. (a) Temperature field; (b) volume fraction of solid phase and flow field; (c) chromium element distribution and flow field$

Fig. 12. Simulation results at 1.2 s. (a) Temperature field; (b) volume fraction of solid phase and flow field; (c) chromium element distribution and flow field

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Fig. 13. Flow diagram of molten pool at 1.2 s

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Table 1. Chemical composition of 45 steel and 316L stainless steel
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Table 1. Chemical composition of 45 steel and 316L stainless steel
Material Mass fraction of element /%
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Fe
45 steel 0.45 0.2 0.6 - - - Bal.
316L stainless steel 0.02 0.55 1.55 16.0 10.0 2.08 Bal.

Table 2. Material property parameters used in calculation

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Table 2. Material property parameters used in calculation

Parameter	Content
Initial mass fraction of chromium c₀ /%	16.0
Melting point T_f /K	1815.15
Density ρ /(kg·m^-3)	8000
Specific heat c_p /(J·kg^-1·K^-1)	500
Thermal conductivity of liquidk_l /(W·m^-1·K^-1)	209.2
Thermal conductivity of solidk_s /(W·m^-1·K^-1)	19.2
Latent heat Δh_f /(J·kg^-1)	250000
Viscosity μ_l /(Pa·s)	0.0042
Liquidus slope m /(K·%^-1)	-80.45

Table 3. Factor level design table
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Table 3. Factor level design table
Level Factor
P /W v /(mm·s^-1) R /(g·min^-1)
1 1200 4 6.8
2 1300 6 10.0
3 1400 8 13.9
4 1500 10 17.5

Table 4. Orthogonal simulation results

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Table 4. Orthogonal simulation results

No.	P /W	v /(mm·s^-1)	R /(g·min^-1)	c_ave /%
1	1200	4	6.8	5.65
2	1200	6	10.0	6.99
3	1200	8	13.9	9.29
4	1200	10	17.5	10.31
5	1300	4	10.0	8.41
6	1300	6	6.8	5.59
7	1300	8	17.5	11.30
8	1300	10	13.9	8.25
9	1400	4	13.9	9.33
10	1400	6	17.5	10.74
11	1400	8	6.8	3.93
12	1400	10	10.0	7.33
13	1500	4	17.5	7.07
14	1500	6	13.9	8.80
15	1500	8	10.0	5.25
16	1500	10	6.8	4.00

Table 5. Range analysis
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Table 5. Range analysis
Level Factor
P /W v /(mm·s^-1) R /(g·min^-1)
k₁ 8.06 7.62 4.79
k₂ 8.39 8.03 7.00
k₃ 7.8 7.44 8.92
k₄ 6.3 7.47 9.86
R 2.11 0.59 5.06

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Xu Hanzong, Ge Honghao, Wang Jiefeng, Zhang Qunli, Yao Jianhua, Volodymyr S. Kovalenko. Effects of Process Parameters upon Chromium Element Distribution in Laser-Cladded 316L Stainless Steel[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2020, 47(12): 1202004

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