[1] [1] NOVOSELOV K S, GEIM A K, MOROZOV S V, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films［J］. Science, 2004, 306(5696): 666-669.

[2] [2] VAHIDMOHAMMADI A, ROSEN J, GOGOTSI Y. The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes)［J］. Science, 2021, 372(6547): eabf1581.

[3] [3] SELHORST R C, PUODZIUKYNAITE E, DEWEY J A, et al. Tetrathiafulvalene-containing polymers for simultaneous non-covalent modification and electronic modulation of MoS2 nanomaterials［J］. Chemical Science, 2016, 7(7): 4698-4705.

[4] [4] WANG P J, SELHORST R, EMRICK T, et al. Bidirectional electronic tuning of single-layer MoS2 with conjugated organochalcogens［J］. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123(2): 1506-1511.

[5] [5] WANG Q S, LAI J W, SUN D. Review of photo response in semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides based photosensitive devices［J］. Optical Materials Express, 2016, 6(7): 2313.

[6] [6] ROTH S, WILLIG W R. Lead iodide nuclear particle detectors［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 1971, 18(8): 328-330.

[7] [7] SCHIEBER M. Fabrication of HgI2 nuclear detectors［J］. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 1977, 144(3): 469-477.

[8] [8] NASON D, KELLER L. The growth and crystallography of bismuth tri-iodide crystals grown by vapor transport［J］. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1995, 156(3): 221-226.

[9] [9] WANG Y G, GAN L, CHEN J N, et al. Achieving highly uniform two-dimensional PbI2 flakes for photodetectors via space confined physical vapor deposition［J］. Science Bulletin, 2017, 62(24): 1654-1662.

[10] [10] LI J, GUAN X, WANG C, et al. Synthesis of 2D layered BiI3 nanoplates, BiI3/WSe2 van der Waals heterostructures and their electronic, optoelectronic properties［J］. Small, 2017, 13(38): 1701034.

[11] [11] ZHANG J, HUANG Y, TAN Z, et al. Low-temperature heteroepitaxy of 2D PbI2/graphene for large-area flexible photodetectors［J］. Advanced Materials, 2018: 1803194.

[12] [12] PAN B J, ZHANG K N, DING C C, et al. Universal precise growth of 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides in vertical direction［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(31): 35337-35344.

[13] [13] TAN M L, HU C, LAN Y, et al. 2D lead dihalides for high-performance ultraviolet photodetectors and their detection mechanism investigation［J］. Small, 2017, 13(47): 1702024.

[14] [14] LIU X F, HA S T, ZHANG Q, et al. Whispering gallery mode lasing from hexagonal shaped layered lead iodide crystals［J］. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(1): 687-695.

[15] [15] ZHONG M Z, ZHANG S, HUANG L, et al. Large-scale 2D PbI2 monolayers: experimental realization and their indirect band-gap related properties［J］. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(11): 3736-3741.

[16] [16] ZHOU Y H, AN H N, GAO C, et al. UV-vis-NIR photodetector based on monolayer MoS2［J］. Materials Letters, 2019, 237: 298-302.

[17] [17] XIE Y, ZHANG B, WANG S X, et al. Ultrabroadband MoS2 photodetector with spectral response from 445 to 2717 nm［J］. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(17): 1605972.

[18] [18] ZHONG M Z, HUANG L, DENG H X, et al. Flexible photodetectors based on phase dependent PbI2 single crystals［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2016, 4(27): 6492-6499.

[19] [19] ZHOU M, DUAN W H, CHEN Y, et al. Single layer lead iodide: computational exploration of structural, electronic and optical properties, strain induced band modulation and the role of spin-orbital-coupling［J］. Nanoscale, 2015, 7(37): 15168-15174.

[20] [20] SUNDARAM R S, ENGEL M, LOMBARDO A, et al. Electroluminescence in single layer MoS2［J］. Nano Letters, 2013, 13(4): 1416-1421.

[21] [21] JIANG S, SHAN J, MAK K F. Electric-field switching of two-dimensional van der Waals magnets［J］. Nature Materials 2018, 17 (5): 406-410.

[22] [22] XU R Z, ZOU X L. Electric field-modulated magnetic phase transition in van der Waals CrI3 bilayers［J］. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2020, 11(8): 3152-3158.

[23] [23] ZHANG K N, DING C C, PAN B J, et al. Visualizing van der Waals epitaxial growth of 2D heterostructures［J］. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(45): 2105079.

[24] [24] LI Y, CUI K, XU X, et al. Understanding the essential role of PbI2 films in a high-performance lead halide perovskite photodetector［J］. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2020, 124(28): 15107-15114.

[25] [25] HE Y L, MA G K, CAI H M, et al. High performance and mechanism of the resistive switching device based on lead halide thin films［J］. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2019, 52(13): 135103.

[26] [26] YANG L H, ZHANG Y, WANG J, et al. Pressure-induced phase transitions of lead iodide［J］. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(88): 84604-84609.

[27] [27] SUN H, WEI Q, SU Q F, et al. Purely physical fabrication of 10 cm×10 cm, highly uniform PbI2 thin films on rigid and flexible substrates for X-ray photodetection application［J］. APL Materials, 2020, 8(3): 031108.

[28] [28] SUN H, ZHU X H, YANG D Y, et al. Electrical and γ-ray energy spectrum response properties of PbI2 crystal grown by physical vapor transport［J］. Journal of Semiconductors, 2012, 33(5): 053002.

[29] [29] ZHU X H, WEI Z R, JIN Y R, et al. Growth and characterization of a PbI2 single crystal used for gamma ray detectors［J］. Crystal Research and Technology, 2007, 42(5): 456-459.

[30] [30] CRLL A, TONN J, POST E, et al. Anisotropic and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of PbI2［J］. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2017, 466: 16-21.

[31] [31] PODRAZA N J, QIU W, HINOJOSA B B, et al. Band gap and structure of single crystal BiI3: resolving discrepancies in literature［J］. Journal of Applied Physics, 2013, 114(3): 033110.

[32] [32] WANG X M, WU J F, WANG J H, et al. Pressure-induced structural and electronic transitions in bismuth iodide［J］. Physical Review B, 2018, 98(17): 174112.

[33] [33] YUAN Q Q, ZHENG F, SHI Z Q, et al. Direct growth of van der waals tin diiodide monolayers［J］. Advanced Science, 2021, 8(20): 2100009.

[34] [34] DONI E, GROSSO G, LADIANA I. A layer model for the band structure of SnI2［J］. Physica B+C, 1980, 99(1-4): 281-286.

[35] [35] YODER C S, SHENK S, SCHAEFFER R W, et al. The synthesis, characterization, and lewis acidity of SnI2 and SnI4［J］. Journal of Chemical Education, 1997, 74(5): 575.

[36] [36] LAI K, LI H X, XU Y K, et al. Achieving a direct band gap and high power conversion efficiency in an SbI3/BiI3 type-Ⅱ vdW heterostructure via interlayer compression and electric field application［J］. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 2019, 21(5): 2619-2627.

[37] [37] TROTTER J, ZOBEL T. The crystal structure of SbI3 and BiI3［J］. Zeitschrift Für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 1966, 123(1-6): 67-72.

[38] [38] MIAH M I. Multiphoton excitation and thermal activation in indirect bandgap semiconductors［J］. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2018, 50(9): 1-7.

[39] [39] YAN Z P, YIN K T, YU Z H, et al. Pressure-induced band-gap closure and metallization in two-dimensional transition metal halide CdI2［J］. Applied Materials Today, 2020, 18: 100532.

[40] [40] ZHAO M, YANG S J, ZHANG K N, et al. A universal atomic substitution conversion strategy towards synthesis of large-size ultrathin nonlayered two-dimensional materials［J］. Nano-Micro Letters, 2021, 13(1): 1-13.

[41] [41] WEBSTER L, YAN J A. Strain-tunable magnetic anisotropy in monolayer CrCl3, CrBr3, and CrI3［J］. Physical Review B, 2018, 98(14): 144411.

[42] [42] BOGDANOV S P, KHRISTYUK N A. Diffusional chrome plating of steel by iodide transport［J］. Steel in Translation, 2017, 47(1): 78-83.

[43] [43] WAGNER B, HUTTNER A, BISCHOF D, et al. Chemical surface reactivity and morphological changes of bismuth triiodide (BiI3) under different environmental conditions［J］. Langmuir, 2020, 36(23): 6458-6464.

[44] [44] SHCHERBAKOV D, STEPANOV P, WEBER D, et al. Raman spectroscopy, photocatalytic degradation, and stabilization of atomically thin chromium tri-iodide［J］. Nano Letters, 2018, 18(7): 4214-4219.

[45] [45] SUBHAN F, HONG J S. Magnetic anisotropy and Curie temperature of two-dimensional VI3 monolayer［J］. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 2020, 32(24): 245803.

[46] [46] LONG C, WANG T, JIN H, et al. Stacking-independent ferromagnetism in bilayer VI3 with half-metallic characteristic［J］. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2020, 11(6): 2158-2164.

[47] [47] WANG P J, LUO S Y, BOYLE L, et al. Controlled fractal growth of transition metal dichalcogenides［J］. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(36): 17065-17072.

[48] [48] JALOULI A, KILINC M, WANG P J, et al. Spatial mapping of exciton transition energy and strain in composition graded WS2(1-x)Se2x monolayer［J］. Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, 128(12): 124304.

[49] [49] WANG P J, YANG D R, PI X D. Toward wafer-scale production of 2D transition metal chalcogenides［J］. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2021, 7(8): 2100278.

[50] [50] CONG C X, SHANG J Z, NIU L, et al. Anti-stokes photoluminescence of van der Waals layered semiconductor PbI2［J］. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(21): 1700609.

[51] [51] GISH J T, LEBEDEV D, STANEV T K, et al. Ambient-stable two-dimensional CrI3 via organic-inorganic encapsulation［J］. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(6): 10659-10667.

[52] [52] FAN Q, HUANG J W, DONG N N, et al. Liquid exfoliation of two-dimensional PbI2 nanosheets for ultrafast photonics［J］. ACS Photonics, 2019, 6(4): 1051-1057.

[53] [53] WANG H Y, SONG T, SU X, et al. Green and efficient liquid-phase exfoliation of BiI3 nanosheets for catalytic carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8(2): 1262-1267.

[54] [54] MU D, ZHOU W, LIU Y D, et al. Resolving the intrinsic bandgap and edge effect of BiI3 film epitaxially grown on graphene［J］. Materials Today Physics, 2021, 20: 100454.

[55] [55] LI P G, WANG C, ZHANG J H, et al. Single-layer CrI3 grown by molecular beam epitaxy［J］. Science Bulletin, 2020, 65(13): 1064-1071.

[56] [56] POPOV G, MATTINEN M, HATANP T, et al. Atomic layer deposition of PbI2 thin films［J］. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(3): 1101-1109.

[57] [57] XIAO H, LIANG T, XU M S. Growth of ultraflat PbI2 nanoflakes by solvent evaporation suppression for high-performance UV photodetectors［J］. Small, 2019, 15(33): 1901767.

[58] [58] HUANG Z, SUN Y, ZHANG Z, et al. Tunable excitonic properties in two-dimensional heterostructures based on solution-processed PbI2 flakes［J］. Journal of Materials Science, 2020, 55(24): 10656-10667.

[59] [59] WEI Q, CHEN J H, DING P, et al. Synthesis of easily transferred 2D layered BiI3 nanoplates for flexible visible-light photodetectors［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(25): 21527-21533.

[60] [60] ZHAO M, QIAO L. Rapid fabrication of submillimeter ultrathin CdI2 flakes via a facile hot plate-assisted vapor deposition method［J］. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, 1907(1): 012052.

[61] [61] GHOSHAL D, SHANG H Z, SUN X, et al. Orientation-controlled large-area epitaxial PbI2 thin films with tunable optical properties［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(27): 32450-32460.

[62] [62] WANGYANG P H, SUN H, ZHU X H, et al. Mechanical exfoliation and Raman spectra of ultrathin PbI2 single crystal［J］. Materials Letters, 2016, 168: 68-71.

[63] [63] SINHA S, ZHU T S, FRANCE-LANORD A, et al. Atomic structure and defect dynamics of monolayer lead iodide nanodisks with epitaxial alignment on graphene［J］. Nature Communications, 2020, 11(1): 823.

[64] [64] YASUNAMI T, NAKAMURA M, INAGAKI S, et al. Molecular beam epitaxy of two-dimensional semiconductor BiI3 films exhibiting sharp exciton absorption［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 2021, 119(24): 243101.

[65] [65] SUN H, ZHAO B J, YANG D Y, et al. Flexible X-ray detector based on sliced lead iodide crystal［J］. Physica Status Solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, 2017, 11(2): 1600397.

[66] [66] QI Z Y, YANG T F, LI D, et al. High-responsivity two-dimensional p-PbI2/n-WS2 vertical heterostructure photodetectors enhanced by photogating effect［J］. Materials Horizons, 2019, 6(7): 1474-1480.

[67] [67] JIN Z X, HU C, LAN Y, et al. Epitaxial growth of PbS nanocrystals from PbI2 nanosheet templates and its application in fast near-infrared photodetectors［J］. Advanced Optical Materials, 2020, 8(22): 2001319.

[68] [68] ZHANG J Y, SONG T, ZHANG Z J, et al. Layered ultrathin PbI2 single crystals for high sensitivity flexible photodetectors［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2015, 3(17): 4402-4406.

[69] [69] WEI Q, SHEN B, CHEN Y, et al. Large-sized PbI2 single crystal grown by co-solvent method for visible-light photo-detector application［J］. Materials Letters, 2017, 193: 101-104.

[70] [70] LAN C, DONG R, ZHOU Z, et al. Large-scale synthesis of freestanding layer-structured PbI2 and MAPbI3 nanosheets for high-performance photodetection［J］. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(39): 1702759.

[71] [71] LI C Y, LI W J, CHENG M M, et al. High sensitive and broadband photodetectors based on hybrid PbI2 nanosheet/CdSe nanobelt［J］. Advanced Optical Materials, 2021, 9(20): 2100927.

[72] [72] WEI Q, WANG Y R, YIN J, et al. High-performance visible-light photodetectors built on 2D-nanoplate-assembled large-scale BiI3 films［J］. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2019, 5(7): 1900159.

[73] [73] WANG F K, ZHANG Z, ZHANG Y, et al. Honeycomb RhI3 flakes with high environmental stability for optoelectronics［J］. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(25): 2001979.

[74] [74] YANG C Q, PENG Y K, SIMON T, et al. Control of PbI2 nucleation and crystallization: towards efficient perovskite solar cells based on vapor-assisted solution process［J］. Materials Research Express, 2018, 5(4): 045507.

[75] [75] LEYDEN M R, JIANG Y, QI Y B. Chemical vapor deposition grown formamidinium perovskite solar modules with high steady state power and thermal stability［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(34): 13125-13132.

[76] [76] SHAHIDUZZAMAN M, HAMADA K, YAMAMOTO K, et al. Thermal control of PbI2 film growth for two-step planar perovskite solar cells［J］. Crystal Growth & Design, 2019, 19(9): 5320-5325.

[77] [77] SUN Y, YIN Y, POLS M, et al. Engineering the phases and heterostructures of ultrathin hybrid perovskite nanosheets［J］. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(34): 2002392.

[78] [78] LI C S, KUO S W, WU Y T, et al. Van der waals epitaxy of horizontally orientated bismuth iodide/silicon heterostructure for nonvolatile resistive-switching memory with multistate data storage［J］. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2020, 7(17): 2000630.

[79] [79] HUANG B, CLARK G, NAVARRO-MORATALLA E, et al. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit［J］. Nature, 2017, 546(7657): 270-273.

[80] [80] XU Y, RAY A, SHAO Y T, et al. Coexisting ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic state in twisted bilayer CrI3［J］. Nature Nanotechnology, 2021: 1-5.

[81] [81] CHENG X, CHENG Z X, WANG C, et al. Light helicity detector based on 2D magnetic semiconductor CrI3［J］. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 6874.