In this study, a vertebral localization model based on a spatial attention mechanism is proposed to realize automatic diagnosis of the scoliosis Cobb angle and infer the type of scoliosis. First, taking a complete human vertebral X-ray as the research object, the proposed model simultaneously extracts the center point of the vertebral column and cervical vertebrae, completes the anchor point localization of the vertebral position, and filters the cervical vertebrae to get the center point of the vertebral column through the anchor point. Second, it uses the angular offset to trace four angular points of the vertebral column center point for restoring the vertebral column and locating the vertebral region of interest (ROI). Finally, it constructs a vector to compute the scoliosis Cobb angle and infer the scoliosis type on the image of the vertebral ROI using the minimum outer rectangle method. Experimental results show that the accuracy of the Cobb angle measurement of proposed method is higher than those of the regression-based and segmentation-based methods in the proximal thoracic, main thoracic, and thoracolumbar regions of the vertebral. The consistency analysis of the automatic diagnostic method and the manual measurement methods by two doctors shows that the correlation coefficients of the two groups are 0.901 and 0.913, and the corresponding average absolute deviations are 3.05° and 2.90°, demonstrating that the automatic diagnostic method has good reliability.