Fig. 1. Optical paths of ideal imaging and actual imaging of single lens

Fig. 2. Optical paths of ideal imaging and actual imaging of reverse ray tracing

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the prism model

Fig. 4. Optical path diagram of the prism model. (a) Ray tracing; (b) reverse ray tracing

Fig. 5. Optical path diagram of incident parallel light

Fig. 6. Simulation results of ray tracing. (a) Apex angles of the prisms in the horizontal direction on the x-axis; (b) angular aberration of ray tracing; (c) angular aberration of reverse ray tracing; (d) ${\delta }_x-{\delta }_{\mathrm{R}x}$

Fig. 7. Wavefront aberration obtained by ray tracing. (a) Angular aberration in the horizontal direction of ray tracing; (b) angular aberration in the vertical direction of reverse ray tracing; (c) wavefront aberration of ray tracing; (d) wavefront aberration of reverse ray tracing; (e) $W-W_{\mathrm{R}}$

Fig. 8. Top view of the experimental setup

Fig. 9. Fringe patterns in experiment. (a) Patterns with lens; (b) patterns without lens

Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of calculating δ_R

Fig. 11. False-color plots of the measurement results of different methods. (a) Zernike 4 terms removed; (b) Zernike 10 terms removed; (c) Zernike 11 terms removed