Fig. 1. Achieved output power of DRLs^{[8,23,28–43]} compared with other crystalline Raman lasers^[33,44–53] and Raman fiber lasers^[54–61].

Fig. 2. Schematic of the laser system consisting of a pumping Nd:YAP laser and DRL^[66].

Fig. 3. Schematic of the external cavity Raman laser^[67].

Fig. 4. Schema of the external cavity DRL^[31.

Fig. 5. Layout of the external cavity DRL pumped with a Nd:YAG pulsed laser^[40].

Fig. 6. Experimental setup of the tunable (a) first-order and (b) second-order Stokes DRL operating in SLM^[70].

Fig. 7. Spot distribution of pump and Stokes beams in DRLs^[37,83,84]: (a) pump spot distribution; (b) corresponding Stokes spot distribution.

Fig. 8. Schematic of a cascaded DRL pumped by a 1.06 μm laser^[20].

Fig. 9. Different wave bands of DRLs and the related output spectra^[7,90–92]: (a) 573 nm and 620 nm laser output from 532 nm pump beam; (b) 275.7 nm laser output from 266 nm pump beam; (c) 3.38–3.8 μm laser output from 2.33–2.52 μm pump beam; (d) ∼2.53 μm laser output from 1.89 μm pump beam.

Fig. 10. High-power DRL pumped by Nd:YAG pulsed laser^[107]: (a) experimental setup of the DRL and output beam characteristics; (b) thermal lens strength as a function of Stokes output power.