Fig. 1. Effect of treatment power (a) and time (b) on the sterilization rate of F. oxysporum; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 2. Influence of jet distance on sterilization rate; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 3. Effects of APPJ treatment on pH (a), conductivity (b), and ORP (c) in F. oxysporum spore suspension; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 4. APPJ treatment on the post F. oxysporum solution: (a) H₂O₂; (b) ·OH content changes, different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 5. APPJ treatment on the post F. oxysporum solution:(a) NO₂^-; (b) NO₃^- content changes; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 6. Effects of APPJ treatment on colony morphology of F. oxysporum: (a) colony diameter; (b) mycelial biomass; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 7. PI staining of F. oxysporum before and after APPJ treatment: (a) untreated spores of bright field; (b) treat 180 s spores in bright field; (c) untreated spores for dark field; (d) spores treated for 180 s in dark field (color online)

Fig. 8. Effect of APPJ treatment on cell membrane permeability of F. oxysporum; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 9. Effect of APPJ treatment on the leakage of F. oxysporumcell contents: (a) nucleic acid leakage; (b) protein leakage; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 10. Effects of APPJ treatment on the content of MDA (a) and Ergosterol (b) in F. oxysporum; different alphabets indicate significant differences (p<0.05)

Fig. 11. SEM image of F. oxysporum before and after APPJ treatment: (a) morphology of untreated spores; (b) morphology of treated 180 s spores

Fig. 12. TEM images of F. oxysporum before and after APPJ treatment: (a) morphology of untreated spores; (b) morphology of treated 180 s spores

Fig. 13. Correlation heat map of the effects of APPJ treatment on different physiological characteristics of F. oxysporum

Fig. 14. Mechanism diagram of APPJ inactivating fungal spores