Fig. 1. Treatment process of photodynamic therapy^[3]

Fig. 2. Mechanism of photodynamic reaction^[3]

Fig. 3. Structure of photosensitizers commonly used in clinic

Fig. 4. Structures of porfimer sodium, verteporfin, hemoporfin and 5-ALA and its ester derivatives

Fig. 5. Structures of mTHPC (left) and talaporfin (right)

Fig. 6. Structures of Photosens^® (a) and IRDye700DX (b)

Fig. 7. Combination of tumor-targeted antibody and photosensitizer. After in vivo administration, irradiate the tumor with non-thermal red light (690 nm), resulting in anticancer activity mediated by biophysical processes that disrupt cell membrane integrity^[33]

Fig. 8. Structures of suftalan zinc, hypericin, rostaporfin, sinoporphyrin sodium, HPPH, TLD-1433, and redaporfin

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of synergistic anticancer effects of AZ-BPS targeting CAIX^[52]

Fig. 10. Structure of ENBS-B

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of adaptive photodynamic and photothermal therapy of TMPyP in response to bacteria^[54]

Fig. 12. Chemical structure of PcAF and its self-assembly to form NanoPcAF^[55]

Fig. 13. Schematic illustration of lanthanide-triplet energy transfer^[56] ( Spectral diagrams in image A showing: (I) Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) through overlapped donor emission and acceptor absorption; (II) direct lanthanide-triplet energy transfer (TET) from a 4f excited state of a lanthanide ion and a triplet state of an organic phosphor. Schematic illustration B displays the proposed direct triplet sensitization process in a NaGdF₄∶ Nd-Ce6 hybrid system. Note that the absorption (Abs) of Ce6 and the photoluminescence (PL) of NaGdF₄∶ Nd show no spectral overlap)

Fig. 14. Schematic illustrations of co-assembly of emodin nano-drugs for efficient anti-cancer TPE-PDT^[57]. (a) Preparation of Emo/HSA NPs by co-assembly strategy; (b) Emo/HSA NPs mediated efficient anti-cancer TPE-PDT

Fig. 15. Schematic diagram of sonodynamic therapy^[67]

Fig. 16. Design principle of synergistic therapy of nano sonosensitizer SDT and immunotherapy^[68]