Fig. 1. YOLOV5 structure

Fig. 2. CSP structure

Fig. 3. Network feature fusion realized with FPN＋PAN

Fig. 4. Comparison of learning rate strategy convergence. (a) Cosine annealing strategy; (b) one-dimensional linear interpolation strategy; (c) step reduction strategy

Fig. 5. Dental X-ray image and two types of lesions

Fig. 6. Training results display. (a) Bounding box loss; (b) classification loss; (c) confidence loss; (d) precision; (e) recall rate

Fig. 7. P-R curve

Fig. 8. Examples, where caries label represents the are is caries and cyst label represents the area is periapical lesion

Fig. 9. Visualization of thermodynamic diagram. (a) Original drawing; (b) thermodynamic diagram