Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 60, Issue 11, 1106011(2023)
Multimode Fiber Imaging Based on Temporal-Spatial Information Extraction
Figures & Tables(21)
Fig. 3. MMF imaging based on spatial-domain TM measurement. (a) Principle of spatial-domain TM; (b) experimental diagram of spatial-domain TM measurement; (c) experimental diagram of MMF imaging based on spatial-domain TM measurement
Fig. 4. MMF imaging based on frequency-domain TM measurement. (a) Principle of frequency -domain TM; (b) experimental diagram of spatial-domain TM measurement; (c) experimental diagram of MMF imaging based on frequency -domain TM measurement
Fig. 5. Imaging system of deep brain of living mouse based on multimode fiber[31]
Fig. 6. Endoscopic LIDAR[37]. (a) Schematic of experimental setup; (b) snapshot of true scene; (c) typical depth resolved images
Fig. 7. Research framework of MMF imaging based on phase conjugation and phase optimization
Fig. 8. MMF imaging based on phase conjugation and phase optimization. (a) Experimental scheme of MMF imaging based on phase conjugation; (b) experimental scheme of MMF imaging based on phase optimization
Fig. 9. Research framework of MMF compressive imaging based on structure illumination
Fig. 10. MMF compressive imaging based on speckle illumination. (a) Principle; (b) experimental scheme
Fig. 11. MMF-based super-resolution and super-speed endo-microscopy[51]. (a) Characterization of imaging resolution and speed using 0.22NA MMF; (b) characterization of imaging resolution and speed using 0.1NA MMF
Fig. 13. High-speed all-fiber imaging based on temporal information extraction[59]. (a) Schematic of the experimental setup; (b) flow of the reconstruction process; (c)–(e) detailed imaging devices
Fig. 19. Image transmission through a dynamically perturbed multimode fiber by deep learning[82]
Table 1. Comparison of MMF imaging methods based on spatial-domain information extraction
View tableTable 1. Comparison of MMF imaging methods based on spatial-domain information extraction
Method Imaging system Calibration process Imaging process Focused light spot generation TM measurement Reference
light path/no reference
TM calibration Focused spot raster- scanning/inverse matrix calculation Loading holograms calculated from TM calculation Phase conjugation Reference
light path
Calculating phase conjugation Focused spot raster- scanning Loading holograms calculated from phase conjugation Phase optimization No reference Select target light field and phase optimization Focused spot raster- scanning Loading holograms calculated by phase iterative optimization Structure illumination No reference Generation and recording of illumination patterns Compressive imaging —
Table 2. Parameter comparison of representative works of MMF imaging based on temporal-spatial information extraction
View tableTable 2. Parameter comparison of representative works of MMF imaging based on temporal-spatial information extraction
Work Fiber/probe parameter Resolution /μm FOV /（μm×μm） Imaging speed Working distance /μm Method Choi et al.［ 23 ］0.48NA，200 μm diameter 1.8 — 1 frame/s for 12300 pixel ~40 TM Papadopouloset al.［ 40 ］450 μm-diameter probe <1 100×110 — ~200 Phase conjugation Turtaevet al.［ 31 ］60 µm external diameter 1.18 ± 0.04 50×50 3.5 frame/s for 7000 pixel — TM Caravaca-Aguirre et al.［ 25 ］Four different commercial MMFs 2 80×80 a few seconds for one image ~100 TM Vasquez-Lopez et al.［ 30 ］50 µm diameter，0.22NA 1.35 50×50 2.4 s per 120 pixel× 120 pixel image 0-100 TM Leite et al.［ 35 ］0.2 mm× 0.4 mm dimension endoscope Angular resolution：（3.59 ± 0.07）mrad Related to working distance 4.4 s for each 105 pixel image 20000-400000 TM Wen et al.［ 36 ］50 µm diameter，0.22NA 1.4 — 3.7 s for one volume image 0-102 TM Stellingaet al.［ 37 ］Illumination fiber：0.22NA 25 μm radius，collection fiber：500 μm diameter Angular resolution：16 mrad Related to working distance 5 frame/s for ~23000 points 0-2.5 m TM Lee et al.［ 38 ］105 µm
core diameter0.22NA
Lateral，axis resolution：10 μm，~267 μm（working distance：600 μm） FOV diameter：
~167 μm（working distance：600 μm）
120 Hz（limited by the camera） 0-1200 TM Cheng et al.［ 46 ］15-meter long MMF（0.22NA，105 µm core） — — ∼18 s for one projection through 2000 iterations — Phase optimization Mahalatiet al.［ 16 ］50 μm diameter0.19NA Twofold reduction in the width of the PSF 40 × 40 36 min for 3000 patterns，12 s for the reconstruction of 75 pixel×75 pixel image ~25 Structure illumination Amitonovaet al.［ 50 ］50 μm diameter，0.22NA （1.4 ± 0.2）μm — 0.014 s for 150 patterns
20 s for the calculation of 50 pixel× 50 pixel image
<20 Structure illumination Caravaca-Aguirre et al.［ 60 ］250 μm × 125 μm probe 3，1.6 μm — Up to a minute for photoacoustic imaging 50 Structure illumination Amitonovaet al.［ 51 ］50/105 µm diameter，0.22/0.1NA 2 times better than the diffraction limit ~2000，4000 20 times faster than the
Nyquist-Shannon limit
— Structure illumination Fukui et al.［ 53 ］Core diameter of 105 µm and NA of 0.22 Number of resolvable features：1007 ~100 × 100 3 s for one pattern 0-100 Structure illumination Abrashitovaet al.［ 52 ］50 µm diameter，0.22NA 2-fold higher resolution than the diffraction limit — 5 frame/s — Structure illumination Zhu et al.［ 54 ］50 µm diameter，0.22NA Number of resolvable features：1400 3000 × 3000 242 s for 801 speckle patterns ~6000 Structure illumination Dong et al.［ 55 ］Illumination fiber：0.22NA 25 μm core radius，collection fiber：500 μm core diameter Axial resolution：16 μm 100 × 100 × 200 1.7 s for the acquisition of the entire volume，6.3 min for the 3D reconstruction 0-200 Structure illumination Liu et al.［ 59 ］Triple-cladding fiber probe + ball lens（580 µm diameter） <15 μm >200 × 200 detection
frame rate of 15.4×106 frame/s
— Time- domain analysis
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Runze Zhu, Fei Xu. Multimode Fiber Imaging Based on Temporal-Spatial Information Extraction[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(11): 1106011
Paper Information
Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Received: Feb. 27, 2023
Accepted: Apr. 10, 2023
Published Online: Jun. 7, 2023
The Author Email: Fei Xu (feixu@nju.edu.cn)
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