Fig. 1. Principle and measurement error of BOC^[35]. (a) Principle of single-crystal BOC; (b) typical BOC timing characterization curves; (c) three envelope shapes of input pulse E₁; (d) seven energy distributions of input pulse E₂ for different COG change; (e) calculated BOC measurement error for different COG change of E₂

Fig. 2. Experimental setup for laser timing jitter characterization and synchronization based on BOC^[35]

Fig. 3. BOC noise floors at different input average powers^[35]

Fig. 4. Schematic of free-space-coupled balanced optical-microwave phase detector^[35]

Fig. 5. Experimental setup for optical fiber timing link stabilization ^[35]

Fig. 6. Timing synchronization of XFEL^[35]