Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of anisotropy for liquid crystal molecule

Fig. 2. Main applications of liquid crystals for metasurface information channel switching. (a) Optical encryption platform using voltage as decoding method^[29]; (b) two-level optical security platform^[2]; (c) multi-parameter optical encryption platform^[30]; (d) programmable micro-projector imaging platform^[31]

Fig. 3. Main applications of complementary the phase modulation capabilities for liquid crystals and metasurfaces. (a) Metalens with chromatic aberration continuously adjustable^[6]; (b) metalens with focal length continuously adjustable^[33]

Fig. 4. Geometric phase metasurfaces. (a) Tuning and switching of double-helix channel in the visible light range^[32]; (b) achromatic imaging in continuous broadband wavelength range^[37]; (c) cylindrical vector beam sorting based on polarization transformation^[34]

Fig. 5. Surface plasmon metasurfaces. (a) Integration of TN-LC and electrically controlled polarization rotator^[39]; (b) integration of nematic liquid crystal and metasurface optical absorber^[41]; (c) integration of polymer hybrid liquid crystal layer and gold nanoarray metasurface^[46]

Fig. 6. Liquid crystal dynamic modulation techniques based on dielectric metasurfaces. (a) Overall electrode drive^[7]; (b) pixelated electrode drive^[5]

Fig. 7. Appications of meta-waveguides. (a) High transmittance transmission based on meta-waveguide^[58]; (b) dynamic spectral modulation based on liquid crystal meta-waveguide^[61]