Fig. 1. The network of IKC-MA.

Fig. 2. The simulation recovery results of IKC-MA system for MA illumination imaging. (a1) Central low-resolution image under the central angle LED (0, 0) illumination; (a2) schematic diagram of different illumination angles corresponding to a series of LR images; (a2) the central red dot indicates the illumination angle corresponding to (a1). (b1) High-resolution (HR) intensity image, as the ground truth (GT) to evaluate the recovery effect; (c1) SR intensity image generated by 105-order PCA method, and (d1) SR intensity image generated by 28 Zernike circular polynomials method; (b2)–(d2) zoomed-in views of the boxed regions in (b1)–(d1).

Fig. 3. The reconstruction results of different numbers of LR images by IKC-MA system. (a) Central LR image under the central angle LED (0, 0), (b) high-resolution intensity image, which is the ground truth to evaluate the recovery effect, and (c) SR image generated from 241 LR images. (d) SR images generated from 121 LR images. (e) Schematic diagram of different illumination angles corresponding to the original LR image number in (c), while (f) corresponds to (d).

Fig. 4. The USAF1951 SR results by the IKC-MA system and the traditional FPM system. (a1) Central LR intensity image with 4× objective lens. (a2) HR intensity image with 20× objective lens, which is the ground truth to evaluate the recovery effect. (b1), (b2) SR intensity image and phase image recovered by the traditional FPM algorithm. (c1), (c2) SR intensity images and phase images recovered by IKC-MA system from 241 LR images. (d1), (d2) SR intensity images and phase images recovered by IKC-MA system from 121 LR images. (e) The diagram of the experimental setup. From bottom to top, the imaging system consists of the LED array, the sample, the objective lens, and the camera; (f) intensity distribution curve of the position indicated by the yellow arrow in (b1), (c1), and (d1). The red, yellow, and blue curves correspond to the red, yellow, and blue lines in (b1), (c1), and (d1), respectively.

Fig. 5. The SR results of different systems on brain cell samples. (a1) Central LR image with 4× objective lens, and (a2) SR image with 20× objective lens (ground truth). (b1), (b2) SR intensity images and phase images of brain cell recovery by traditional FPM algorithm. (c1), (c2) SR intensity images and phase images recovered by IKC-MA system from 241 LR images. (d1), (d2) SR intensity images and phase images recovered by IKC-MA system from 121 LR images.