Robust UOWC systems against bubble-induced impairments via transmit/receive diversities [Invited]

Fig. 3. (a) Experimental testbed. Images of bubbles captured in the experiment with an estimated average size of (b) large size: $\sim 15 {mm}^{2}$ , (c) medium size: $\sim 6 {mm}^{2}$ , (d) small size: $\sim 2 {mm}^{2}$ . Note that each square in the background is $10 mm \times 10 mm$ .

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Fig. 4. Performance of UOWC system without bubbles: (a) SNR versus subcarrier index with a bandwidth of 200 MHz, (b) BER versus data rate (different bandwidth used), (c) the distribution of packet BER for 200 packets with a signal bandwidth of 200 MHz.

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Fig. 5. BER performance of 200 packets with (a)–(c) large-size bubbles, (d)–(f) medium-size bubbles, and (g)–(i) small-size bubbles, at a distance from TXs of P1: 10 cm, P2: 40 cm, and P3: 70 cm, respectively. The green dash lines correspond to the mean levels of different schemes.

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Fig. 6. PDFs of the BER performance under scenarios with different bubble sizes: (a) large, (b) medium, and (c) small.

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Fig. 7. Average BER of packets below SD-FEC. (The gray lines show the reference BER of each scheme without bubbles.)

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Table 1. BER Variance

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Table 1. BER Variance

Size/Position		SISO	SIMO	MISO	MIMO
L	P1	2.83E-03	2.80E-04	2.09E-03	9.65E-07
	P2	2.63E-03	1.08E-04	6.46E-04	5.71E-07
	P3	8.55E-04	8.04E-06	5.61E-06	2.23E-07
M	P1	3.81E-03	1.42E-04	3.83E-04	1.33E-06
	P2	2.90E-03	8.14E-04	1.15E-05	4.49E-07
	P3	5.59E-04	5.45E-06	3.37E-06	1.46E-07
S	P1	2.25E-03	7.26E-04	3.03E-04	2.41E-06
	P2	1.40E-03	1.03E-04	1.22E-05	7.15E-07
	P3	7.02E-04	8.93E-05	2.63E-06	1.63E-07

Table 2. Packet Loss Rate
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Table 2. Packet Loss Rate
Size/Position SISO SIMO MISO MIMO
L P1 13.0% 3.4% 9.6% $< 1 %$
P2 14.6% 1.6% 7.8% $< 1 %$
P3 20.4% $< 1 %$ $< 1 %$ $< 1 %$
M P1 16.4% 4.4% 5.6% $< 1 %$
P2 20.6% 5.2% $< 1 %$ $< 1 %$
P3 21.0% $< 1 %$ $< 1 %$ $< 1 %$
S P1 24.4% 3.2% 6.4% $< 1 %$
P2 17.0% 2.8% 2.0% $< 1 %$
P3 34.6% 2.4% 1.2% $< 1 %$

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Lian-Kuan Chen, Yingjie Shao, Rui Deng, "Robust UOWC systems against bubble-induced impairments via transmit/receive diversities [Invited]," Chin. Opt. Lett. 17, 100006 (2019)

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