Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of observation angles for infrared radiation. (a) Occlusion effect; (b) The angle α between the normal vector of the surface element and the sensing direction

Fig. 2. The geometry of spiked blunt body

Fig. 3. Comparison of flow field between calculation and experiment

Fig. 4. Comparison of wall parameters between calculated and reference results. (a) Pressure distribution and (b) Heat flux distribution

Fig. 5. (a) The geometry of truncated cone; (b) Grids distribution of truncated cone

Fig. 6. Comparison of non-dimensional heating flux between calculation and reference results

Fig. 7. The geometry of spiked blunt body and different aerodisks

Fig. 8. Computational domain and grids distribution

Fig. 9. Skin temperature of spiked blunt body in the axial direction under different grid numbers

Fig. 10. Mach number and temperature contours of the spiked blunt body

Fig. 11. Mach number contours of flow field with different aerodisks

Fig. 12. Temperature contours of flow field with different aerodisks

Fig. 13. Comparison of drag coefficients among aerospikes under different conditions

Fig. 14. Flow field isotherms and skin temperature contours among aerospikes under different conditions

Fig. 15. Skin temperature of spiked blunt body in the axial direction

Fig. 16. Radiation intensities of each spiked blunt body at different observation angles. (a) Side-view; (b) Front-view

Fig. 17. Intrinsic infrared radiance distribution of each spiked blunt body under different observation angles: (a) φ=45°, θ=45° and (b) φ=0°, θ=90°