Fig. 1. Electrically manipulated reconfigurable metasurfaces. (a) Metal metasurface combined with liquid crystal material^[26]; (b) Reconfigurable metasurface based on ITO materials^[29]; (c) Resonant reconfigurable metasurface based on silicon materials^[30]; (d) Varactor loading of high-impedance metasurface combined with graphene materials^[32]

Fig. 2. Thermally controlled reconfigurable metasurfaces. (a) Nanophotonic phased array based on silicon antennas^[33]; (b) Ultra-thin thermally controlled reconfigurable metalens based on silicon materials^[34]; (c) Reconfigurable metasurface based on InSb materials^[35]; (d) Immersed reconfigurable metasurface based on liquid crystal materials^[36]

Fig. 3. Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on phase change materials. (a) Janus reconfigurable metasurfaces based on VO₂ materials^[38]; (b) Terahertz metasurfaces based on VO₂ materials^[39]; (c) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on GST materials^[40]; (d) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on GSST materials^[41]; (e) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on GeTe materials^[42]; (f) Janus reconfigurable metasurfaces based on Sb₂S₃ materials^[44]

Fig. 4. Reconfigurable metasurfaces manipulated by light field. (a) Quasi-BIC reconfigurable metasurfaces based on helical pyran polymers^[45]; (b) Terahertz reconfigurable metasurfaces based on silicon materials^[46]; (c) Programmable plasma phase modulator^[48]; (d) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on gallium arsenide materials^[49]; (e) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on lithium niobate materials^[50]

Fig. 5. Chemically manipulated reconfigurable metasurfaces. (a) Reconfigurable metasurface holography was realized by Mg-based hydrogenation reaction^[51]; (b) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on reversible electrochemical lithiation reactions of TiO₂^[52]; (c) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on reversible electrochemical lithiation reactions of amorphous silicon^[53]; (d) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on PEDOT materials^[54]

Fig. 6. Mechanically manipulated reconfigurable metasurfaces. (a) Reconfigurable metasurfaces based on stretchable PDMS substrate^[56]; (b) MEMS-based polarization-controlled metasurfaces^[58]; (c) Dynamic linear polarizer with integrated MEMS and metasurface^[60]; (d) NEMS-based reconfigurable metasurfaces^[59]

Fig. 7. Typical applications of reconfigurable metasurfaces in dynamic imaging and display. (a) Reconfigurable Fabry-Perot Reflective Metasurface Spatial Light Modulator^[64]; (b) Non-mechanical varifocal metalens based on liquid crystal material^[65]; (c) Electrically controlled polarization-multiplexed achromatic lens integrated with twisted nematic phase liquid crystals (TNLC)^[66]; (d) Scalable Hydrogel-Based Nanocavities for Switchable Meta-Holography with Dynamic Color Printing^[67]; (e) Rechargeable metasurfaces for dynamic color display based on a compositional and mechanical dual-altered mechanism^[68]

Fig. 8. Typical applications of reconfigurable metasurfaces in optical computing. (a) Mechanically manipulated reconfigurable metasurfaces to achieve second-order differentiation^[74]; (b) Thermally controlled reconfigurable metasurfaces for edge detection^[73]; (c) Multilayer programmable metasurfaces to construct diffractive neural networks^[76]

Fig. 9. Typical applications of reconfigurable metasurfaces in communication systems. (a) Electrically tunable metasurfaces with continuous and full-phase modulation enable beam deflection^[77]; (b) Multi-beam steering based on graphene metasurface^[78]; (c) A dual-channel wireless communication system based on programmable metasurfaces^[79]; (d) A meta-system consisting of programmable feed arrays and lenses^[80]; (e) Terahertz beam steering based on mechanical rotation cascade metasurface^[81]