High Power Laser and Particle Beams, Volume. 34, Issue 9, 094001(2022)
Review of development of high energy pulsed X-ray accelerators for flash radiography
Figures & Tables(13)
![Schematic diagram of DARHT-II accelerator to generate four X-ray pulses[14]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of DARHT-II accelerator to generate four X-ray pulses[14]
Fig. 4. Sorpius, a 20 MeV flash radiographic accelerator under construction in U. S. whose total length is 80 m[19]
Table 1. Technical specifications of typical LIA typed flash X-ray radiographic accelerators in the world
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Technical specifications of typical LIA typed flash X-ray radiographic accelerators in the world
accelerator organization energy/ MeV current/ kA FWHM time/ ns dose@1 m/ rad spot size 50% MTF/mm FXR[ 1 ]Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA 18 2.3～3.4 65 325～400 3.2～3.5 AIRIX[ 1 ]Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA, France 19 1.9～3.1 60 350 1.6～2.0 DARHT-I[ 1 ]Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA 20 3.0 60 550～650 1.9～2.1 XX-I[ 16 -17 ]Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 20 3.5 70 ＞300 ＜2.0 DARHT-II[ 13 -15 ]Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA 18 2.0 4×50 100/100/100/300 ＜2.3 XX-II[ 16 -17 ]Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 20 3.5 3×70 ＞3×300 ＜2.0
Table 2. Technical specifications of typical flash radiographic accelerators based on Marx generator and pulse forming line[1, 3]
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Technical specifications of typical flash radiographic accelerators based on Marx generator and pulse forming line[1, 3]
accelerator organization energy/MeV current/kA FWHM time /ns dose@1 m/rad spot size 50% MTF/mm Mevex Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 0.8 35 50 1.2 ～2.7 Mini B Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 2.2 30 50 12 ～3.3 SuperSwarf Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 5.5 30 60 80 ～4.9 Mogul-D Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 7.0 30 80 220 ～4.9 Mogul-E Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 10.0 35 80 600 ～5.5
Table 3. Technical specifications of typical IVA flash radiographic accelerators in the world
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Technical specifications of typical IVA flash radiographic accelerators in the world
accelerator organization energy/ MeV current/ kA FWHM time/ ns dose@1 m/ rad spot size 50% MTF/mm Cygnus Sandia National Laboratory, USA 2.2 62 50 4.0 ～1.0 RITS-6 Sandia National Laboratory, USA 10 120 45 350 ＜1.8 HRF (under construction) Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 14 140 60 600～1000 ～5 Jianguang-I Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, China 2.4 45 50 3.7 ～1.0 Jianguang-II Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, China 4.3 80 50 16 ＜2 Hawkeye-I Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 4.3 100 ～60 18 ＜2
Table 4. Design indexes of typical LTD typed flash radiographic accelerators in the world
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Design indexes of typical LTD typed flash radiographic accelerators in the world
accelerator organization energy/ MeV current/ kA FWHM time/ ns dose@1 m/ rad spot size 50% MTF/mm dual-axis 7 MeV conceptual design Sandia National Laboratory, USA 7.0 160 53 350 ～2 URSA Sandia National Laboratory, USA 2.5 58 53 2～3 ～2 IDERIX conceptual design Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA, France 8.0 120 — ＞100 ＜2 LTDR platform 10-stage LTD in series Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA, France 1.0 ～170 — 3.4 ～4 3MV LTD conceptual design Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 3.0 ～75 — — — ten-stage LTD in series Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 1.0 ～100 — — —
Table 5. Comparison of several typical flash radiographic accelerators
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. Comparison of several typical flash radiographic accelerators
classifications accelerators advantages disadvantages RF linac RF linac compact, capable of producing multi X-ray pulses X-ray energy spectrum is very hard and focal spot size is large induction accelerator Betatron compact, capable of producing multi X-ray pulses X-ray energy spectrum is very hard and focal spot size is large LIA high irradiation dose, small focal spot, capability of producing multi X-ray pulses complexity, large volume, high cost high-voltage, high-current pulse power accelerator Marx+PFL high irradiation dose, small focal spot large time jitter of X-ray output, difficulty to produce multi X-ray pulses IVA high irradiation dose, small focal spot, compact volume difficult to produce multi X-ray pulses LTD small focal spot, very compact volume difficult to produce multi X-ray pulses
Tools
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Hao Wei, Fengju Sun, Aici Qiu, Hailiang Yang, Jiahui Yin, Pengfei Zhang, Xiaofeng Jiang, Zhiguo Wang. Review of development of high energy pulsed X-ray accelerators for flash radiography[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2022, 34(9): 094001
Paper Information
Category:
Received: Oct. 20, 2021
Accepted: --
Published Online: Aug. 17, 2022
The Author Email:
© Copyright 2018-2021 | Chinese Laser Press.
All Rights Reserved 沪ICP备15018463号-20